Initial revision

1 files changed, 1773 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Src/subst.c b/Src/subst.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8f840d266
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Src/subst.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1773 @@
+/*
+ * subst.c - various substitutions
+ *
+ * This file is part of zsh, the Z shell.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1992-1997 Paul Falstad
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and without
+ * license or royalty fees, to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
+ * software and to distribute modified versions of this software for any
+ * purpose, provided that the above copyright notice and the following
+ * two paragraphs appear in all copies of this software.
+ *
+ * In no event shall Paul Falstad or the Zsh Development Group be liable
+ * to any party for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential
+ * damages arising out of the use of this software and its documentation,
+ * even if Paul Falstad and the Zsh Development Group have been advised of
+ * the possibility of such damage.
+ *
+ * Paul Falstad and the Zsh Development Group specifically disclaim any
+ * warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of
+ * merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.  The software
+ * provided hereunder is on an "as is" basis, and Paul Falstad and the
+ * Zsh Development Group have no obligation to provide maintenance,
+ * support, updates, enhancements, or modifications.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "zsh.mdh"
+#include "subst.pro"
+
+/**/
+char nulstring[] = {Nularg, '\0'};
+
+/* Do substitutions before fork. These are:
+ *  - Process substitution: <(...), >(...), =(...)
+ *  - Parameter substitution
+ *  - Command substitution
+ * Followed by
+ *  - Quote removal
+ *  - Brace expansion
+ *  - Tilde and equals substitution
+ *
+ * Bits 0 and 1 of flags are used in filesub.
+ * bit 0 is set when we are doing MAGIC_EQUALSUBST or normal
+ *	 assignment but not a typeset.
+ * bit 1 is set on a real assignment (both typeset and normal).
+ * bit 2 is a flag to paramsubst (single word sub)
+ */
+
+/**/
+void
+prefork(LinkList list, int flags)
+{
+    LinkNode node;
+
+    MUSTUSEHEAP("prefork");
+    for (node = firstnode(list); node; incnode(node)) {
+	char *str, *str3;
+
+	str = str3 = (char *)getdata(node);
+	if ((*str == Inang || *str == Outang || *str == Equals) &&
+	    str[1] == Inpar) {
+	    if (*str == Inang || *str == Outang)
+		setdata(node, (void *) getproc(str));	/* <(...) or >(...) */
+	    else
+		setdata(node, (void *) getoutputfile(str));	/* =(...) */
+	    if (!getdata(node))
+		return;
+	} else {
+	    if (isset(SHFILEEXPANSION))
+		filesub((char **)getaddrdata(node), flags & 3);
+	    if (!(node = stringsubst(list, node, flags & 4)))
+		return;
+	}
+    }
+    for (node = firstnode(list); node; incnode(node)) {
+	if (*(char *)getdata(node)) {
+	    remnulargs(getdata(node));
+	    if (unset(IGNOREBRACES) && !(flags & 4))
+		while (hasbraces(getdata(node)))
+		    xpandbraces(list, &node);
+	    if (unset(SHFILEEXPANSION))
+		filesub((char **)getaddrdata(node), flags & 3);
+	} else if (!(flags & 4))
+	    uremnode(list, node);
+	if (errflag)
+	    return;
+    }
+}
+
+/**/
+static LinkNode
+stringsubst(LinkList list, LinkNode node, int ssub)
+{
+    int qt;
+    char *str3 = (char *)getdata(node);
+    char *str  = str3;
+
+    while (!errflag && *str) {
+	if ((qt = *str == Qstring) || *str == String)
+	    if (str[1] == Inpar) {
+		str++;
+		goto comsub;
+	    } else if (str[1] == Inbrack) {
+		/* $[...] */
+		char *str2 = str;
+		str2++;
+		if (skipparens(Inbrack, Outbrack, &str2)) {
+		    zerr("closing bracket missing", NULL, 0);
+		    return NULL;
+		}
+		str2[-1] = *str = '\0';
+		str = arithsubst(str + 2, &str3, str2);
+		setdata(node, (void *) str3);
+		continue;
+	    } else if (str[1] == Snull) {
+		str = getkeystring(str, NULL, 4, NULL);
+		continue;
+	    } else {
+		node = paramsubst(list, node, &str, qt, ssub);
+		if (errflag || !node)
+		    return NULL;
+		str3 = (char *)getdata(node);
+		continue;
+	    }
+	else if ((qt = *str == Qtick) || *str == Tick)
+	  comsub: {
+	    LinkList pl;
+	    char *s, *str2 = str;
+	    char endchar;
+	    int l1, l2;
+
+	    if (*str == Inpar) {
+		endchar = Outpar;
+		str[-1] = '\0';
+		if (skipparens(Inpar, Outpar, &str))
+		    DPUTS(1, "BUG: parse error in command substitution");
+		str--;
+	    } else {
+		endchar = *str;
+		*str = '\0';
+
+		while (*++str != endchar)
+		    DPUTS(!*str, "BUG: parse error in command substitution");
+	    }
+	    *str++ = '\0';
+	    if (endchar == Outpar && str2[1] == '(' && str[-2] == ')') {
+		/* Math substitution of the form $((...)) */
+		str = arithsubst(str2 + 1, &str3, str);
+		setdata(node, (void *) str3);
+		continue;
+	    }
+
+	    /* It is a command substitution, which will be parsed again   *
+	     * by the lexer, so we untokenize it first, but we cannot use *
+	     * untokenize() since in the case of `...` some Bnulls should *
+	     * be left unchanged.  Note that the lexer doesn't tokenize   *
+	     * the body of a command substitution so if there are some    *
+	     * tokens here they are from a ${(e)~...} substitution.       */
+	    for (str = str2; *++str; )
+		if (itok(*str) && *str != Nularg &&
+		    !(endchar != Outpar && *str == Bnull &&
+		      (str[1] == '$' || str[1] == '\\' || str[1] == '`' ||
+		       (qt && str[1] == '"'))))
+		    *str = ztokens[*str - Pound];
+	    str++;
+	    if (!(pl = getoutput(str2 + 1, qt || ssub))) {
+		zerr("parse error in command substitution", NULL, 0);
+		return NULL;
+	    }
+	    if (endchar == Outpar)
+		str2--;
+	    if (!(s = (char *) ugetnode(pl))) {
+		str = strcpy(str2, str);
+		continue;
+	    }
+	    if (!qt && ssub && isset(GLOBSUBST))
+		tokenize(s);
+	    l1 = str2 - str3;
+	    l2 = strlen(s);
+	    if (nonempty(pl)) {
+		LinkNode n = lastnode(pl);
+		str2 = (char *) ncalloc(l1 + l2 + 1);
+		strcpy(str2, str3);
+		strcpy(str2 + l1, s);
+		setdata(node, str2);
+		insertlinklist(pl, node, list);
+		s = (char *) getdata(node = n);
+		l1 = 0;
+		l2 = strlen(s);
+	    }
+	    str2 = (char *) ncalloc(l1 + l2 + strlen(str) + 1);
+	    if (l1)
+		strcpy(str2, str3);
+	    strcpy(str2 + l1, s);
+	    str = strcpy(str2 + l1 + l2, str);
+	    str3 = str2;
+	    setdata(node, str3);
+	    continue;
+	}
+	str++;
+    }
+    return errflag ? NULL : node;
+}
+
+/**/
+void
+globlist(LinkList list)
+{
+    LinkNode node, next;
+
+    badcshglob = 0;
+    for (node = firstnode(list); !errflag && node; node = next) {
+	next = nextnode(node);
+	glob(list, node);
+    }
+    if (badcshglob == 1)
+	zerr("no match", NULL, 0);
+}
+
+/* perform substitution on a single word */
+
+/**/
+void
+singsub(char **s)
+{
+    LinkList foo;
+
+    foo = newlinklist();
+    addlinknode(foo, *s);
+    prefork(foo, 4);
+    if (errflag)
+	return;
+    *s = (char *) ugetnode(foo);
+    DPUTS(nonempty(foo), "BUG: singsub() produced more than one word!");
+}
+
+/* Perform substitution on a single word. Unlike with singsub, the      *
+ * result can have more than one words. A single word result is sroted  *
+ * in *s and *isarr is set to zero; otherwise *isarr is set to 1 and    *
+ * the result is stored in *a. If `a' is zero a multiple word result is *
+ * joined using sep or the IFS parameter if sep is zero and the result  *
+ * is returned in *s.  The return value is true iff the expansion       *
+ * resulted in an empty list                                            */
+
+/**/
+static int
+multsub(char **s, char ***a, int *isarr, char *sep)
+{
+    LinkList foo;
+    int l;
+    char **r, **p;
+
+    foo = newlinklist();
+    addlinknode(foo, *s);
+    prefork(foo, 0);
+    if (errflag) {
+	if (isarr)
+	    *isarr = 0;
+	return 0;
+    }
+    if ((l = countlinknodes(foo)) > 1) {
+	p = r = ncalloc((l + 1) * sizeof(char*));
+	while (nonempty(foo))
+	    *p++ = (char *)ugetnode(foo);
+	*p = NULL;
+	if (a) {
+	    *a = r;
+	    *isarr = 1;
+	    return 0;
+	}
+	*s = sepjoin(r, NULL);
+	return 0;
+    }
+    if (l)
+	*s = (char *) ugetnode(foo);
+    else
+	*s = dupstring("");
+    if (isarr)
+	*isarr = 0;
+    return !l;
+}
+
+/* ~, = subs: assign = 2 => typeset; assign = 1 => something that looks
+	like an assignment but may not be; assign = 3 => normal assignment */
+
+/**/
+void
+filesub(char **namptr, int assign)
+{
+    char *sub = NULL, *str, *ptr;
+    int len;
+
+    filesubstr(namptr, assign);
+
+    if (!assign)
+	return;
+
+    if (assign < 3)
+	if ((*namptr)[1] && (sub = strchr(*namptr + 1, Equals))) {
+	    if (assign == 1)
+		for (ptr = *namptr; ptr != sub; ptr++)
+		    if (!iident(*ptr) && !INULL(*ptr))
+			return;
+	    str = sub + 1;
+	    if ((sub[1] == Tilde || sub[1] == Equals) && filesubstr(&str, assign)) {
+		sub[1] = '\0';
+		*namptr = dyncat(*namptr, str);
+	    }
+	} else
+	    return;
+
+    ptr = *namptr;
+    while ((sub = strchr(ptr, ':'))) {
+	str = sub + 1;
+	len = sub - *namptr;
+	if ((sub[1] == Tilde || sub[1] == Equals) && filesubstr(&str, assign)) {
+	    sub[1] = '\0';
+	    *namptr = dyncat(*namptr, str);
+	}
+	ptr = *namptr + len + 1;
+    }
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+filesubstr(char **namptr, int assign)
+{
+#define isend(c) ( !(c) || (c)=='/' || (c)==Inpar || (assign && (c)==':') )
+#define isend2(c) ( !(c) || (c)==Inpar || (assign && (c)==':') )
+    char *str = *namptr;
+
+    if (*str == Tilde && str[1] != '=' && str[1] != Equals) {
+	char *ptr;
+	int val;
+
+	val = zstrtol(str + 1, &ptr, 10);
+	if (isend(str[1])) {   /* ~ */
+	    *namptr = dyncat(home, str + 1);
+	    return 1;
+	} else if (str[1] == '+' && isend(str[2])) {   /* ~+ */
+	    *namptr = dyncat(pwd, str + 2);
+	    return 1;
+	} else if (str[1] == '-' && isend(str[2])) {   /* ~- */
+	    char *tmp;
+	    *namptr = dyncat((tmp = oldpwd) ? tmp : pwd, str + 2);
+	    return 1;
+	} else if (!inblank(str[1]) && isend(*ptr) &&
+		   (!idigit(str[1]) || (ptr - str < 4))) {
+	    char *ds;
+
+	    if (val < 0)
+		val = -val;
+	    ds = dstackent(str[1], val);
+	    if (!ds)
+		return 0;
+	    *namptr = dyncat(ds, ptr);
+	    return 1;
+	} else if (iuser(str[1])) {   /* ~foo */
+	    char *ptr, *hom, save;
+
+	    for (ptr = ++str; *ptr && iuser(*ptr); ptr++);
+	    save = *ptr;
+	    if (!isend(save))
+		return 0;
+	    *ptr = 0;
+	    if (!(hom = getnameddir(str))) {
+		if (isset(NOMATCH))
+		    zerr("no such user or named directory: %s", str, 0);
+		*ptr = save;
+		return 0;
+	    }
+	    *ptr = save;
+	    *namptr = dyncat(hom, ptr);
+	    return 1;
+	}
+    } else if (*str == Equals && isset(EQUALS) && str[1]) {   /* =foo */
+	char sav, *pp, *cnam;
+
+	for (pp = str + 1; !isend2(*pp); pp++);
+	sav = *pp;
+	*pp = 0;
+	if (!(cnam = findcmd(str + 1))) {
+	    Alias a = (Alias) aliastab->getnode(aliastab, str + 1);
+	    
+	    if (a)
+		cnam = ztrdup(a->text);
+	    else {
+		if (isset(NOMATCH))
+		    zerr("%s not found", str + 1, 0);
+		return 0;
+	    }
+	}
+	*namptr = dupstring(cnam);
+	zsfree(cnam);
+	if (sav) {
+	    *pp = sav;
+	    *namptr = dyncat(*namptr, pp);
+	}
+	return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+#undef isend
+#undef isend2
+}
+
+/**/
+static char *
+strcatsub(char **d, char *pb, char *pe, char *src, int l, char *s, int glbsub)
+{
+    int pl = pe - pb;
+    char *dest = ncalloc(pl + l + (s ? strlen(s) : 0) + 1);
+
+    *d = dest;
+    strncpy(dest, pb, pl);
+    dest += pl;
+    strcpy(dest, src);
+    if (glbsub)
+	tokenize(dest);
+    dest += l;
+    if (s)
+	strcpy(dest, s);
+    return dest;
+}
+
+typedef int (*CompareFn) _((const void *, const void *));
+
+/**/
+int
+strpcmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_STRCOLL
+    return strcoll(*(char **)a, *(char **)b);
+#else
+    return strcmp(*(char **)a, *(char **)b);
+#endif
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+invstrpcmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_STRCOLL
+    return -strcoll(*(char **)a, *(char **)b);
+#else
+    return -strcmp(*(char **)a, *(char **)b);
+#endif
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+cstrpcmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_STRCOLL
+    VARARR(char, c, strlen(*(char **) a) + 1);
+    VARARR(char, d, strlen(*(char **) b) + 1);
+    char *s, *t;
+    int   cmp;
+
+    for (s = *(char **) a, t = c; (*t++ = tulower(*s++)););
+    for (s = *(char **) b, t = d; (*t++ = tulower(*s++)););
+
+    cmp = strcoll(c, d);
+
+    return cmp;
+#else
+    char *c = *(char **)a, *d = *(char **)b;
+
+    for (; *c && tulower(*c) == tulower(*d); c++, d++);
+
+    return (int)STOUC(tulower(*c)) - (int)STOUC(tulower(*d));
+#endif
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+invcstrpcmp(const void *a, const void *b)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_STRCOLL
+    VARARR(char, c, strlen(*(char **) a) + 1);
+    VARARR(char, d, strlen(*(char **) b) + 1);
+    char *s, *t;
+    int   cmp;
+
+    for (s = *(char **) a, t = c; (*t++ = tulower(*s++)););
+    for (s = *(char **) b, t = d; (*t++ = tulower(*s++)););
+
+    cmp = strcoll(c, d);
+
+    return -cmp;
+#else
+    char *c = *(char **)a, *d = *(char **)b;
+
+    for (; *c && tulower(*c) == tulower(*d); c++, d++);
+
+    return (int)STOUC(tulower(*d)) - (int)STOUC(tulower(*c));
+#endif
+}
+
+/**/
+static char *
+dopadding(char *str, int prenum, int postnum, char *preone, char *postone, char *premul, char *postmul)
+{
+    char def[3], *ret, *t, *r;
+    int ls, ls2, lpreone, lpostone, lpremul, lpostmul, lr, f, m, c, cc;
+
+    def[0] = *ifs ? *ifs : ' ';
+    def[1] = *ifs == Meta ? ifs[1] ^ 32 : '\0';
+    def[2] = '\0';
+    if (preone && !*preone)
+	preone = def;
+    if (postone && !*postone)
+	postone = def;
+    if (!premul || !*premul)
+	premul = def;
+    if (!postmul || !*postmul)
+	postmul = def;
+
+    ls = strlen(str);
+    lpreone = preone ? strlen(preone) : 0;
+    lpostone = postone ? strlen(postone) : 0;
+    lpremul = strlen(premul);
+    lpostmul = strlen(postmul);
+
+    lr = prenum + postnum;
+
+    if (lr == ls)
+	return str;
+
+    r = ret = (char *)halloc(lr + 1);
+
+    if (prenum) {
+	if (postnum) {
+	    ls2 = ls / 2;
+
+	    f = prenum - ls2;
+	    if (f <= 0)
+		for (str -= f, c = prenum; c--; *r++ = *str++);
+	    else {
+		if (f <= lpreone)
+		    for (c = f, t = preone + lpreone - f; c--; *r++ = *t++);
+		else {
+		    f -= lpreone;
+		    if ((m = f % lpremul))
+			for (c = m, t = premul + lpremul - m; c--; *r++ = *t++);
+		    for (cc = f / lpremul; cc--;)
+			for (c = lpremul, t = premul; c--; *r++ = *t++);
+		    for (c = lpreone; c--; *r++ = *preone++);
+		}
+		for (c = ls2; c--; *r++ = *str++);
+	    }
+	    ls2 = ls - ls2;
+	    f = postnum - ls2;
+	    if (f <= 0)
+		for (c = postnum; c--; *r++ = *str++);
+	    else {
+		for (c = ls2; c--; *r++ = *str++);
+		if (f <= lpostone)
+		    for (c = f; c--; *r++ = *postone++);
+		else {
+		    f -= lpostone;
+		    for (c = lpostone; c--; *r++ = *postone++);
+		    for (cc = f / lpostmul; cc--;)
+			for (c = lpostmul, t = postmul; c--; *r++ = *t++);
+		    if ((m = f % lpostmul))
+			for (; m--; *r++ = *postmul++);
+		}
+	    }
+	} else {
+	    f = prenum - ls;
+	    if (f <= 0)
+		for (c = prenum, str -= f; c--; *r++ = *str++);
+	    else {
+		if (f <= lpreone)
+		    for (c = f, t = preone + lpreone - f; c--; *r++ = *t++);
+		else {
+		    f -= lpreone;
+		    if ((m = f % lpremul))
+			for (c = m, t = premul + lpremul - m; c--; *r++ = *t++);
+		    for (cc = f / lpremul; cc--;)
+			for (c = lpremul, t = premul; c--; *r++ = *t++);
+		    for (c = lpreone; c--; *r++ = *preone++);
+		}
+		for (c = ls; c--; *r++ = *str++);
+	    }
+	}
+    } else if (postnum) {
+	f = postnum - ls;
+	if (f <= 0)
+	    for (c = postnum; c--; *r++ = *str++);
+	else {
+	    for (c = ls; c--; *r++ = *str++);
+	    if (f <= lpostone)
+		for (c = f; c--; *r++ = *postone++);
+	    else {
+		f -= lpostone;
+		for (c = lpostone; c--; *r++ = *postone++);
+		for (cc = f / lpostmul; cc--;)
+		    for (c = lpostmul, t = postmul; c--; *r++ = *t++);
+		if ((m = f % lpostmul))
+		    for (; m--; *r++ = *postmul++);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    *r = '\0';
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/**/
+char *
+get_strarg(char *s)
+{
+    char t = *s++;
+
+    if (!t)
+	return s - 1;
+
+    switch (t) {
+    case '(':
+	t = ')';
+	break;
+    case '[':
+	t = ']';
+	break;
+    case '{':
+	t = '}';
+	break;
+    case '<':
+	t = '>';
+	break;
+    case Inpar:
+	t = Outpar;
+	break;
+    case Inang:
+	t = Outang;
+	break;
+    case Inbrace:
+	t = Outbrace;
+	break;
+    case Inbrack:
+	t = Outbrack;
+	break;
+    }
+
+    while (*s && *s != t)
+	s++;
+
+    return s;
+}
+
+/**/
+static int
+get_intarg(char **s)
+{
+    char *t = get_strarg(*s + 1);
+    char *p, sav;
+    long ret;
+
+    if (!*t)
+	return -1;
+    sav = *t;
+    *t = '\0';
+    p = dupstring(*s + 2);
+    *s = t;
+    *t = sav;
+    if (parsestr(p))
+	return -1;
+    singsub(&p);
+    if (errflag)
+	return -1;
+    ret = matheval(p);
+    if (errflag)
+	return -1;
+    if (ret < 0)
+	ret = -ret;
+    return ret < 0 ? -ret : ret;
+}
+
+/* parameter substitution */
+
+#define	isstring(c) ((c) == '$' || (char)(c) == String || (char)(c) == Qstring)
+#define isbrack(c)  ((c) == '[' || (char)(c) == Inbrack)
+
+/**/
+LinkNode
+paramsubst(LinkList l, LinkNode n, char **str, int qt, int ssub)
+{
+    char *aptr = *str;
+    char *s = aptr, *fstr, *idbeg, *idend, *ostr = (char *) getdata(n);
+    int colf;			/* != 0 means we found a colon after the name */
+    int doub = 0;		/* != 0 means we have %%, not %, or ##, not # */
+    int isarr = 0;
+    int plan9 = isset(RCEXPANDPARAM);
+    int globsubst = isset(GLOBSUBST);
+    int getlen = 0;
+    int whichlen = 0;
+    int chkset = 0;
+    int vunset = 0;
+    int spbreak = isset(SHWORDSPLIT) && !ssub && !qt;
+    char *val = NULL, **aval = NULL;
+    unsigned int fwidth = 0;
+    Value v;
+    int flags = 0;
+    int flnum = 0;
+    int substr = 0;
+    int sortit = 0, casind = 0;
+    int casmod = 0;
+    char *sep = NULL, *spsep = NULL;
+    char *premul = NULL, *postmul = NULL, *preone = NULL, *postone = NULL;
+    long prenum = 0, postnum = 0;
+    int copied = 0;
+    int arrasg = 0;
+    int eval = 0;
+    int nojoin = 0;
+    char inbrace = 0;		/* != 0 means ${...}, otherwise $... */
+
+    *s++ = '\0';
+    if (!ialnum(*s) && *s != '#' && *s != Pound && *s != '-' &&
+	*s != '!' && *s != '$' && *s != String && *s != Qstring &&
+	*s != '?' && *s != Quest && *s != '_' &&
+	*s != '*' && *s != Star && *s != '@' && *s != '{' &&
+	*s != Inbrace && *s != '=' && *s != Equals && *s != Hat &&
+	*s != '^' && *s != '~' && *s != Tilde && *s != '+') {
+	s[-1] = '$';
+	*str = s;
+	return n;
+    }
+    DPUTS(*s == '{', "BUG: inbrace == '{' in paramsubst()");
+    if (*s == Inbrace) {
+	inbrace = 1;
+	s++;
+	if (*s == '(' || *s == Inpar) {
+	    char *t, sav;
+	    int tt = 0;
+	    long num;
+	    int escapes = 0;
+	    int klen;
+#define UNTOK_AND_ESCAPE(X) {\
+		untokenize(X = dupstring(s + 1));\
+		if (escapes) {\
+		    X = getkeystring(X, &klen, 3, NULL);\
+		    X = metafy(X, klen, META_HREALLOC);\
+		}\
+	    }
+
+	    for (s++; *s != ')' && *s != Outpar; s++, tt = 0) {
+		switch (*s) {
+		case ')':
+		case Outpar:
+		    break;
+		case 'A':
+		    arrasg = 1;
+		    break;
+		case '@':
+		    nojoin = 1;
+		    break;
+		case 'M':
+		    flags |= 8;
+		    break;
+		case 'R':
+		    flags |= 16;
+		    break;
+		case 'B':
+		    flags |= 32;
+		    break;
+		case 'E':
+		    flags |= 64;
+		    break;
+		case 'N':
+		    flags |= 128;
+		    break;
+		case 'S':
+		    substr = 1;
+		    break;
+		case 'I':
+		    flnum = get_intarg(&s);
+		    if (flnum < 0)
+			goto flagerr;
+		    break;
+
+		case 'L':
+		    casmod = 2;
+		    break;
+		case 'U':
+		    casmod = 1;
+		    break;
+		case 'C':
+		    casmod = 3;
+		    break;
+
+		case 'o':
+		    sortit = 1;
+		    break;
+		case 'O':
+		    sortit = 2;
+		    break;
+		case 'i':
+		    casind = 1;
+		    break;
+		case 'e':
+		    eval = 1;
+		    break;
+
+		case 'c':
+		    whichlen = 1;
+		    break;
+		case 'w':
+		    whichlen = 2;
+		    break;
+		case 'W':
+		    whichlen = 3;
+		    break;
+
+		case 'f':
+		    spsep = "\n";
+		    break;
+		case 'F':
+		    sep = "\n";
+		    break;
+
+		case 's':
+		    tt = 1;
+		/* fall through */
+		case 'j':
+		    t = get_strarg(++s);
+		    if (*t) {
+			sav = *t;
+			*t = '\0';
+			if (tt)
+			    UNTOK_AND_ESCAPE(spsep)
+			else
+			    UNTOK_AND_ESCAPE(sep)
+			*t = sav;
+			s = t;
+		    } else
+			goto flagerr;
+		    break;
+
+		case 'l':
+		    tt = 1;
+		/* fall through */
+		case 'r':
+		    sav = s[1];
+		    num = get_intarg(&s);
+		    if (num < 0)
+			goto flagerr;
+		    if (tt)
+			prenum = num;
+		    else
+			postnum = num;
+		    if (s[1] != sav)
+			break;
+		    t = get_strarg(++s);
+		    if (!*t)
+			goto flagerr;
+		    sav = *t;
+		    *t = '\0';
+		    if (tt)
+			UNTOK_AND_ESCAPE(premul)
+		    else
+			UNTOK_AND_ESCAPE(postmul)
+		    *t = sav;
+		    sav = *s;
+		    s = t + 1;
+		    if (*s != sav) {
+			s--;
+			break;
+		    }
+		    t = get_strarg(s);
+		    if (!*t)
+			goto flagerr;
+		    sav = *t;
+		    *t = '\0';
+		    if (tt)
+			UNTOK_AND_ESCAPE(preone)
+		    else
+			UNTOK_AND_ESCAPE(postone)
+		    *t = sav;
+		    s = t;
+		    break;
+
+		case 'p':
+		    escapes = 1;
+		    break;
+
+		default:
+		  flagerr:
+		    zerr("error in flags", NULL, 0);
+		    return NULL;
+		}
+	    }
+	    s++;
+	}
+    }
+    if (sortit)
+	sortit += (casind << 1);
+
+    if (!premul)
+	premul = " ";
+    if (!postmul)
+	postmul = " ";
+
+    for (;;) {
+	if (*s == '^' || *s == Hat) {
+	    if (*++s == '^' || *s == Hat) {
+		plan9 = 0;
+		s++;
+	    } else
+		plan9 = 1;
+	} else if (*s == '=' || *s == Equals) {
+	    if (*++s == '=' || *s == Equals) {
+		spbreak = 0;
+		s++;
+	    } else
+		spbreak = 1;
+	} else if ((*s == '#' || *s == Pound) &&
+		   (iident(s[1])
+		    || s[1] == '*' || s[1] == Star || s[1] == '@'
+		    || (isstring(s[1]) && (s[2] == Inbrace || s[2] == Inpar))))
+	    getlen = 1 + whichlen, s++;
+	else if (*s == '~' || *s == Tilde) {
+	    if (*++s == '~' || *s == Tilde) {
+		globsubst = 0;
+		s++;
+	    } else
+		globsubst = 1;
+	} else if (*s == '+')
+	    if (iident(s[1]))
+		chkset = 1, s++;
+	    else if (!inbrace) {
+		*aptr = '$';
+		*str = aptr + 1;
+		return n;
+	    } else {
+		zerr("bad substitution", NULL, 0);
+		return NULL;
+	    }
+	else
+	    break;
+    }
+    globsubst = globsubst && !qt;
+
+    idbeg = s;
+    if (s[-1] && isstring(*s) && (s[1] == Inbrace || s[1] == Inpar)) {
+	int sav;
+	int quoted = *s == Qstring;
+
+	val = s++;
+	skipparens(*s, *s == Inpar ? Outpar : Outbrace, &s);
+	sav = *s;
+	*s = 0;
+	if (multsub(&val, &aval, &isarr, NULL) && quoted) {
+	    isarr = -1;
+	    aval = alloc(sizeof(char *));
+	}
+	if (isarr)
+	    isarr = -1;
+	copied = 1;
+	*s = sav;
+	v = (Value) NULL;
+    } else if (!(v = getvalue(&s, (unset(KSHARRAYS) || inbrace) ? 1 : -1)))
+	vunset = 1;
+    while (v || ((inbrace || (unset(KSHARRAYS) && vunset)) && isbrack(*s))) {
+	if (!v) {
+	    Param pm;
+	    char *os = s;
+
+	    if (!isbrack(*s))
+		break;
+	    if (vunset) {
+		val = dupstring("");
+		isarr = 0;
+	    }
+	    pm = createparam(nulstring, isarr ? PM_ARRAY : PM_SCALAR);
+	    if (isarr)
+		pm->u.arr = aval;
+	    else
+		pm->u.str = val;
+	    v = (Value) hcalloc(sizeof *v);
+	    v->isarr = isarr;
+	    v->pm = pm;
+	    v->b = -1;
+	    if (getindex(&s, v) || s == os)
+		break;
+	}
+	if ((isarr = v->isarr))
+	    aval = getarrvalue(v);
+	else {
+	    if (v->pm->flags & PM_ARRAY) {
+		int tmplen = arrlen(v->pm->gets.afn(v->pm));
+
+		if (v->a < 0)
+		    v->a += tmplen + v->inv;
+		if (!v->inv && (v->a >= tmplen || v->a < 0))
+		    vunset = 1;
+	    }
+	    if (!vunset) {
+		val = getstrvalue(v);
+		fwidth = v->pm->ct ? v->pm->ct : strlen(val);
+		switch (v->pm->flags & (PM_LEFT | PM_RIGHT_B | PM_RIGHT_Z)) {
+		    char *t;
+		    unsigned int t0;
+
+		case PM_LEFT:
+		case PM_LEFT | PM_RIGHT_Z:
+		    t = val;
+		    if (v->pm->flags & PM_RIGHT_Z)
+			while (*t == '0')
+			    t++;
+		    else
+			while (iblank(*t))
+			    t++;
+		    val = (char *)ncalloc(fwidth + 1);
+		    val[fwidth] = '\0';
+		    if ((t0 = strlen(t)) > fwidth)
+			t0 = fwidth;
+		    memset(val, ' ', fwidth);
+		    strncpy(val, t, t0);
+		    break;
+		case PM_RIGHT_B:
+		case PM_RIGHT_Z:
+		case PM_RIGHT_Z | PM_RIGHT_B:
+		    if (strlen(val) < fwidth) {
+			t = (char *)ncalloc(fwidth + 1);
+			memset(t, (v->pm->flags & PM_RIGHT_B) ? ' ' : '0', fwidth);
+			if ((t0 = strlen(val)) > fwidth)
+			    t0 = fwidth;
+			strcpy(t + (fwidth - t0), val);
+			val = t;
+		    } else {
+			t = (char *)ncalloc(fwidth + 1);
+			t[fwidth] = '\0';
+			strncpy(t, val + strlen(val) - fwidth, fwidth);
+			val = t;
+		    }
+		    break;
+		}
+		switch (v->pm->flags & (PM_LOWER | PM_UPPER)) {
+		    char *t;
+
+		case PM_LOWER:
+		    t = val;
+		    for (; *t; t++)
+			*t = tulower(*t);
+		    break;
+		case PM_UPPER:
+		    t = val;
+		    for (; *t; t++)
+			*t = tuupper(*t);
+		    break;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	v = NULL;
+	if (!inbrace)
+	    break;
+    }
+    if (isarr) {
+	if (nojoin)
+	    isarr = -1;
+	if (qt && !getlen && isarr > 0) {
+	    val = sepjoin(aval, sep);
+	    isarr = 0;
+	}
+    }
+
+    idend = s;
+    if ((colf = *s == ':'))
+	s++;
+
+
+    /* fstr is to be the text following the substitution.  If we have *
+     * braces, we look for it here, else we infer it later on.        */
+    fstr = s;
+    if (inbrace) {
+	int bct;
+	for (bct = 1;; fstr++) {
+	    if (!*fstr)
+		break;
+	    else if (*fstr == Inbrace)
+		bct++;
+	    else if (*fstr == Outbrace && !--bct)
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (bct) {
+	noclosebrace:
+	    zerr("closing brace expected", NULL, 0);
+	    return NULL;
+	}
+	if (*fstr)
+	    *fstr++ = '\0';
+    }
+
+    /* Check for ${..?..} or ${..=..} or one of those. *
+     * Only works if the name is in braces.            */
+
+    if (inbrace && (*s == '-' ||
+		    *s == '+' ||
+		    *s == ':' ||
+		    *s == '=' || *s == Equals ||
+		    *s == '%' ||
+		    *s == '#' || *s == Pound ||
+		    *s == '?' || *s == Quest)) {
+
+	if (!flnum)
+	    flnum++;
+	if (*s == '%')
+	    flags |= 1;
+
+	/* Check for ${..%%..} or ${..##..} */
+	if ((*s == '%' || *s == '#' || *s == Pound) && *s == s[1]) {
+	    s++;
+	    doub = 1;
+	}
+	s++;
+
+	flags |= (doub << 1) | (substr << 2) | (colf << 8);
+	if (!(flags & 0xf8))
+	    flags |= 16;
+
+	if (colf && !vunset)
+	    vunset = (isarr) ? !*aval : !*val || (*val == Nularg && !val[1]);
+
+	switch (s[-1]) {
+	case '+':
+	    if (vunset) {
+		val = dupstring("");
+		copied = 1;
+		isarr = 0;
+		break;
+	    }
+	    vunset = 1;
+	/* Fall Through! */
+	case '-':
+	    if (vunset) {
+		val = dupstring(s);
+		multsub(&val, &aval, &isarr, NULL);
+		copied = 1;
+	    }
+	    break;
+	case ':':
+	    if (*s != '=' && *s != Equals)
+		goto noclosebrace;
+	    vunset = 1;
+	    s++;
+	    /* Fall through */
+	case '=':
+	case Equals:
+	    if (vunset) {
+		char sav = *idend;
+		int l;
+
+		*idend = '\0';
+		val = dupstring(s);
+		isarr = 0;
+		if (spsep || spbreak || !arrasg)
+		    multsub(&val, NULL, NULL, sep);
+		else
+		    multsub(&val, &aval, &isarr, NULL);
+		if (arrasg) {
+		    char *arr[2], **t, **a, **p;
+		    if (spsep || spbreak) {
+			aval = sepsplit(val, spsep, 0);
+			isarr = 2;
+			sep = spsep = NULL;
+			spbreak = 0;
+			l = arrlen(aval);
+			if (l && !*(aval[l-1]))
+			    l--;
+			if (l && !**aval)
+			    l--, t = aval + 1;
+			else
+			    t = aval;
+		    } else if (!isarr) {
+			arr[0] = val;
+			arr[1] = NULL;
+			t = aval = arr;
+			l = 1;
+		    } else
+			l = arrlen(aval), t = aval;
+		    p = a = zalloc(sizeof(char *) * (l + 1));
+		    while (l--) {
+			untokenize(*t);
+			*p++ = ztrdup(*t++);
+		    }
+		    *p++ = NULL;
+		    setaparam(idbeg, a);
+		} else {
+		    untokenize(val);
+		    setsparam(idbeg, ztrdup(val));
+		}
+		*idend = sav;
+		copied = 1;
+	    }
+	    break;
+	case '?':
+	case Quest:
+	    if (vunset) {
+		char *msg;
+
+		*idend = '\0';
+		msg = tricat(idbeg, ": ", *s ? s : "parameter not set");
+		zerr("%s", msg, 0);
+		zsfree(msg);
+		if (!interact)
+		    exit(1);
+		return NULL;
+	    }
+	    break;
+	case '%':
+	case '#':
+	case Pound:
+	    if (qt)
+		if (parse_subst_string(s)) {
+		    zerr("parse error in ${...%c...} substitution",
+			 NULL, s[-1]);
+		    return NULL;
+		}
+	    singsub(&s);
+
+	    if (!vunset && isarr) {
+		char **ap = aval;
+		char **pp = aval = (char **)ncalloc(sizeof(char *) * (arrlen(aval) + 1));
+
+		while ((*pp = *ap++)) {
+		    if (getmatch(pp, s, flags, flnum))
+			pp++;
+		}
+		copied = 1;
+	    } else {
+		if (vunset)
+		    val = dupstring("");
+		getmatch(&val, s, flags, flnum);
+		copied = 1;
+	    }
+	    break;
+	}
+    } else {			/* no ${...=...} or anything, but possible modifiers. */
+	if (chkset) {
+	    val = dupstring(vunset ? "0" : "1");
+	    isarr = 0;
+	} else if (vunset) {
+	    if (unset(UNSET)) {
+		*idend = '\0';
+		zerr("%s: parameter not set", idbeg, 0);
+		return NULL;
+	    }
+	    val = dupstring("");
+	}
+	if (colf) {
+	    s--;
+	    if (unset(KSHARRAYS) || inbrace) {
+		if (!isarr)
+		    modify(&val, &s);
+		else {
+		    char *ss;
+		    char **ap = aval;
+		    char **pp = aval = (char **)ncalloc(sizeof(char *) * (arrlen(aval) + 1));
+
+		    while ((*pp = *ap++)) {
+			ss = s;
+			modify(pp++, &ss);
+		    }
+		    if (pp == aval) {
+			char *t = "";
+			ss = s;
+			modify(&t, &ss);
+		    }
+		    s = ss;
+		}
+		if (inbrace && *s) {
+		    if (*s == ':' && !imeta(s[1]))
+			zerr("unrecognized modifier `%c'", NULL, s[1]);
+		    else
+			zerr("unrecognized modifier", NULL, 0);
+		    return NULL;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	if (!inbrace)
+	    fstr = s;
+    }
+    if (errflag)
+	return NULL;
+    if (getlen) {
+	long len = 0;
+	char buf[14];
+
+	if (isarr) {
+	    char **ctr;
+	    int sl = sep ? ztrlen(sep) : 1;
+
+	    if (getlen == 1)
+		for (ctr = aval; *ctr; ctr++, len++);
+	    else if (getlen == 2) {
+		if (*aval)
+		    for (len = -sl, ctr = aval;
+			 len += sl + ztrlen(*ctr), *++ctr;);
+	    }
+	    else
+		for (ctr = aval;
+		     *ctr;
+		     len += wordcount(*ctr, spsep, getlen > 3), ctr++);
+	} else {
+	    if (getlen < 3)
+		len = ztrlen(val);
+	    else
+		len = wordcount(val, spsep, getlen > 3);
+	}
+
+	sprintf(buf, "%ld", len);
+	val = dupstring(buf);
+	isarr = 0;
+    }
+    if (isarr > 0 && !plan9 && (!aval || !aval[0])) {
+	val = dupstring("");
+	isarr = 0;
+    } else if (isarr && aval && aval[0] && !aval[1]) {
+	val = aval[0];
+	isarr = 0;
+    }
+    /* ssub is true when we are called from singsub (via prefork).
+     * It means that we must join arrays and should not split words. */
+    if (ssub || spbreak || spsep || sep) {
+	if (isarr)
+	    val = sepjoin(aval, sep), isarr = 0;
+	if (!ssub && (spbreak || spsep)) {
+	    aval = sepsplit(val, spsep, 0);
+	    if (!aval || !aval[0])
+		val = dupstring("");
+	    else if (!aval[1])
+		val = aval[0];
+	    else
+		isarr = 2;
+	}
+    }
+    if (casmod) {
+	if (isarr) {
+	    char **ap;
+
+	    if (!copied)
+		aval = arrdup(aval), copied = 1;
+	    ap = aval;
+
+	    if (casmod == 1)
+		for (; *ap; ap++)
+		    makeuppercase(ap);
+	    else if (casmod == 2)
+		for (; *ap; ap++)
+		    makelowercase(ap);
+	    else
+		for (; *ap; ap++)
+		    makecapitals(ap);
+
+	} else {
+	    if (!copied)
+		val = dupstring(val), copied = 1;
+	    if (casmod == 1)
+		makeuppercase(&val);
+	    else if (casmod == 2)
+		makelowercase(&val);
+	    else
+		makecapitals(&val);
+	}
+    }
+    if (isarr) {
+	char *x;
+	char *y;
+	int xlen;
+	int i;
+	LinkNode on = n;
+
+	if (!aval[0] && !plan9) {
+	    if (aptr > (char *) getdata(n) &&
+		aptr[-1] == Dnull && *fstr == Dnull)
+		*--aptr = '\0', fstr++;
+	    y = (char *)ncalloc((aptr - ostr) + strlen(fstr) + 1);
+	    strcpy(y, ostr);
+	    *str = y + (aptr - ostr);
+	    strcpy(*str, fstr);
+	    setdata(n, y);
+	    return n;
+	}
+	if (sortit) {
+	    static CompareFn sortfn[] = {
+		strpcmp, invstrpcmp, cstrpcmp, invcstrpcmp
+	    };
+
+	    if (!copied)
+		aval = arrdup(aval);
+
+	    i = arrlen(aval);
+	    if (i && (*aval[i-1] || --i))
+		qsort(aval, i, sizeof(char *), sortfn[sortit-1]);
+	}
+	if (plan9) {
+	    LinkList tl = newlinklist();
+	    LinkNode tn;
+
+	    *--fstr = Marker;
+	    addlinknode(tl, fstr);
+	    if (!eval && !stringsubst(tl, firstnode(tl), ssub))
+		return NULL;
+	    *str = aptr;
+	    tn = firstnode(tl);
+	    while ((x = *aval++)) {
+		if (prenum || postnum)
+		    x = dopadding(x, prenum, postnum, preone, postone,
+				  premul, postmul);
+		if (eval && parsestr(x))
+		    return NULL;
+		xlen = strlen(x);
+		for (tn = firstnode(tl);
+		     tn && *(y = (char *) getdata(tn)) == Marker;
+		     incnode(tn)) {
+		    strcatsub(&y, ostr, aptr, x, xlen, y + 1, globsubst);
+		    if (qt && !*y && isarr != 2)
+			y = dupstring(nulstring);
+		    if (plan9)
+			setdata(n, (void *) y), plan9 = 0;
+		    else
+			insertlinknode(l, n, (void *) y), incnode(n);
+		}
+	    }
+	    for (; tn; incnode(tn)) {
+		y = (char *) getdata(tn);
+		if (*y == Marker)
+		    continue;
+		if (qt && !*y && isarr != 2)
+		    y = dupstring(nulstring);
+		if (plan9)
+		    setdata(n, (void *) y), plan9 = 0;
+		else
+		    insertlinknode(l, n, (void *) y), incnode(n);
+	    }
+	    if (plan9) {
+		uremnode(l, n);
+		return n;
+	    }
+	} else {
+	    x = aval[0];
+	    if (prenum || postnum)
+		x = dopadding(x, prenum, postnum, preone, postone,
+			      premul, postmul);
+	    if (eval && parsestr(x))
+		return NULL;
+	    xlen = strlen(x);
+	    strcatsub(&y, ostr, aptr, x, xlen, NULL, globsubst);
+	    if (qt && !*y && isarr != 2)
+		y = dupstring(nulstring);
+	    setdata(n, (void *) y);
+
+	    i = 1;
+	    /* aval[1] is non-null here */
+	    while (aval[i + 1]) {
+		x = aval[i++];
+		if (prenum || postnum)
+		    x = dopadding(x, prenum, postnum, preone, postone,
+				  premul, postmul);
+		if (eval && parsestr(x))
+		    return NULL;
+		if (qt && !*x && isarr != 2)
+		    y = dupstring(nulstring);
+		else {
+		    y = dupstring(x);
+		    if (globsubst)
+			tokenize(y);
+		}
+		insertlinknode(l, n, (void *) y), incnode(n);
+	    }
+
+	    x = aval[i];
+	    if (prenum || postnum)
+		x = dopadding(x, prenum, postnum, preone, postone,
+			      premul, postmul);
+	    if (eval && parsestr(x))
+		return NULL;
+	    xlen = strlen(x);
+	    *str = strcatsub(&y, aptr, aptr, x, xlen, fstr, globsubst);
+	    if (qt && !*y && isarr != 2)
+		y = dupstring(nulstring);
+	    insertlinknode(l, n, (void *) y), incnode(n);
+	}
+	if (eval)
+	    n = on;
+    } else {
+	int xlen;
+	char *x;
+	char *y;
+
+	x = val;
+	if (prenum || postnum)
+	    x = dopadding(x, prenum, postnum, preone, postone,
+			  premul, postmul);
+	if (eval && parsestr(x))
+	    return NULL;
+	xlen = strlen(x);
+	*str = strcatsub(&y, ostr, aptr, x, xlen, fstr, globsubst);
+	if (qt && !*y && isarr != 2)
+	    y = dupstring(nulstring);
+	setdata(n, (void *) y);
+    }
+    if (eval)
+	*str = (char *) getdata(n);
+
+    return n;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Arithmetic substitution: `a' is the string to be evaluated, `bptr'
+ * points to the beginning of the string containing it.  The tail of
+ * the string is given by `rest'. *bptr is modified with the substituted
+ * string. The function returns a pointer to the tail in the substituted
+ * string.
+ */
+
+/**/
+static char *
+arithsubst(char *a, char **bptr, char *rest)
+{
+    char *s = *bptr, *t, buf[DIGBUFSIZE];
+    char *b = buf;
+    long v;
+
+    singsub(&a);
+    v = matheval(a);
+    sprintf(buf, "%ld", v);
+    t = *bptr = (char *)ncalloc(strlen(*bptr) + strlen(buf) + strlen(rest) + 1);
+    t--;
+    while ((*++t = *s++));
+    t--;
+    while ((*++t = *b++));
+    strcat(t, rest);
+    return t;
+}
+
+/**/
+void
+modify(char **str, char **ptr)
+{
+    char *ptr1, *ptr2, *ptr3, del, *lptr, c, *test, *sep, *t, *tt, tc, *e;
+    char *copy, *all, *tmp, sav;
+    int gbal, wall, rec, al, nl;
+
+    test = NULL;
+
+    if (**ptr == ':')
+	*str = dupstring(*str);
+
+    while (**ptr == ':') {
+	lptr = *ptr;
+	(*ptr)++;
+	wall = gbal = 0;
+	rec = 1;
+	c = '\0';
+	sep = NULL;
+
+	for (; !c && **ptr;) {
+	    switch (**ptr) {
+	    case 'h':
+	    case 'r':
+	    case 'e':
+	    case 't':
+	    case 'l':
+	    case 'u':
+		c = **ptr;
+		break;
+
+	    case 's':
+		c = **ptr;
+		(*ptr)++;
+		ptr1 = *ptr;
+		del = *ptr1++;
+		for (ptr2 = ptr1; *ptr2 != del && *ptr2; ptr2++);
+		if (!*ptr2) {
+		    zerr("bad substitution", NULL, 0);
+		    return;
+		}
+		*ptr2++ = '\0';
+		for (ptr3 = ptr2; *ptr3 != del && *ptr3; ptr3++);
+		if ((sav = *ptr3))
+		    *ptr3++ = '\0';
+		if (*ptr1) {
+		    zsfree(hsubl);
+		    hsubl = ztrdup(ptr1);
+		}
+		if (!hsubl) {
+		    zerr("no previous substitution", NULL, 0);
+		    return;
+		}
+		zsfree(hsubr);
+		for (tt = hsubl; *tt; tt++)
+		    if (INULL(*tt))
+			chuck(tt--);
+		untokenize(hsubl);
+		for (tt = hsubr = ztrdup(ptr2); *tt; tt++)
+		    if (INULL(*tt))
+			chuck(tt--);
+		ptr2[-1] = del;
+		if (sav)
+		    ptr3[-1] = sav;
+		*ptr = ptr3 - 1;
+		break;
+
+	    case '&':
+		c = 's';
+		break;
+
+	    case 'g':
+		(*ptr)++;
+		gbal = 1;
+		break;
+
+	    case 'w':
+		wall = 1;
+		(*ptr)++;
+		break;
+	    case 'W':
+		wall = 1;
+		(*ptr)++;
+		ptr1 = get_strarg(ptr2 = *ptr);
+		if ((sav = *ptr1))
+		    *ptr1 = '\0';
+		sep = dupstring(ptr2 + 1);
+		if (sav)
+		    *ptr1 = sav;
+		*ptr = ptr1 + 1;
+		c = '\0';
+		break;
+
+	    case 'f':
+		rec = -1;
+		(*ptr)++;
+		break;
+	    case 'F':
+		rec = get_intarg(ptr);
+		(*ptr)++;
+		break;
+	    default:
+		*ptr = lptr;
+		return;
+	    }
+	}
+	(*ptr)++;
+	if (!c) {
+	    *ptr = lptr;
+	    return;
+	}
+	if (rec < 0)
+	    test = dupstring(*str);
+
+	while (rec--) {
+	    if (wall) {
+		al = 0;
+		all = NULL;
+		for (t = e = *str; (tt = findword(&e, sep));) {
+		    tc = *e;
+		    *e = '\0';
+		    copy = dupstring(tt);
+		    *e = tc;
+		    switch (c) {
+		    case 'h':
+			remtpath(&copy);
+			break;
+		    case 'r':
+			remtext(&copy);
+			break;
+		    case 'e':
+			rembutext(&copy);
+			break;
+		    case 't':
+			remlpaths(&copy);
+			break;
+		    case 'l':
+			downcase(&copy);
+			break;
+		    case 'u':
+			upcase(&copy);
+			break;
+		    case 's':
+			if (hsubl && hsubr)
+			    subst(&copy, hsubl, hsubr, gbal);
+			break;
+		    }
+		    tc = *tt;
+		    *tt = '\0';
+		    nl = al + strlen(t) + strlen(copy);
+		    ptr1 = tmp = (char *)halloc(nl + 1);
+		    if (all)
+			for (ptr2 = all; *ptr2;)
+			    *ptr1++ = *ptr2++;
+		    for (ptr2 = t; *ptr2;)
+			*ptr1++ = *ptr2++;
+		    *tt = tc;
+		    for (ptr2 = copy; *ptr2;)
+			*ptr1++ = *ptr2++;
+		    *ptr1 = '\0';
+		    al = nl;
+		    all = tmp;
+		    t = e;
+		}
+		*str = all;
+
+	    } else {
+		switch (c) {
+		case 'h':
+		    remtpath(str);
+		    break;
+		case 'r':
+		    remtext(str);
+		    break;
+		case 'e':
+		    rembutext(str);
+		    break;
+		case 't':
+		    remlpaths(str);
+		    break;
+		case 'l':
+		    downcase(str);
+		    break;
+		case 'u':
+		    upcase(str);
+		    break;
+		case 's':
+		    if (hsubl && hsubr) {
+			char *oldstr = *str;
+
+			subst(str, hsubl, hsubr, gbal);
+			if (*str != oldstr) {
+			    *str = dupstring(oldstr = *str);
+			    zsfree(oldstr);
+			}
+		    }
+		    break;
+		}
+	    }
+	    if (rec < 0) {
+		if (!strcmp(test, *str))
+		    rec = 0;
+		else
+		    test = dupstring(*str);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+/* get a directory stack entry */
+
+/**/
+static char *
+dstackent(char ch, int val)
+{
+    int backwards;
+    LinkNode end=(LinkNode)dirstack, n;
+
+    backwards = ch == (isset(PUSHDMINUS) ? '+' : '-');
+    if(!backwards && !val--)
+	return pwd;
+    if (backwards)
+	for (n=lastnode(dirstack); n != end && val; val--, n=prevnode(n));
+    else
+	for (end=NULL, n=firstnode(dirstack); n && val; val--, n=nextnode(n));
+    if (n == end) {
+	if (isset(NOMATCH))
+	    zerr("not enough directory stack entries.", NULL, 0);
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    return (char *)getdata(n);
+}