Initial revision

1 files changed, 3726 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Src/utils.c b/Src/utils.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3619fa95d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Src/utils.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3726 @@
+/*
+ * utils.c - miscellaneous utilities
+ *
+ * This file is part of zsh, the Z shell.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1992-1997 Paul Falstad
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, without written agreement and without
+ * license or royalty fees, to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
+ * software and to distribute modified versions of this software for any
+ * purpose, provided that the above copyright notice and the following
+ * two paragraphs appear in all copies of this software.
+ *
+ * In no event shall Paul Falstad or the Zsh Development Group be liable
+ * to any party for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential
+ * damages arising out of the use of this software and its documentation,
+ * even if Paul Falstad and the Zsh Development Group have been advised of
+ * the possibility of such damage.
+ *
+ * Paul Falstad and the Zsh Development Group specifically disclaim any
+ * warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of
+ * merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.  The software
+ * provided hereunder is on an "as is" basis, and Paul Falstad and the
+ * Zsh Development Group have no obligation to provide maintenance,
+ * support, updates, enhancements, or modifications.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "zsh.mdh"
+#include "utils.pro"
+
+/* Print an error */
+
+/**/
+void
+zwarnnam(const char *cmd, const char *fmt, const char *str, int num)
+{
+    int waserr;
+
+    waserr = errflag;
+    zerrnam(cmd, fmt, str, num);
+    errflag = waserr;
+}
+
+/* name of script being sourced */
+
+/**/
+char *scriptname;
+ 
+/**/
+void
+zerr(const char *fmt, const char *str, int num)
+{
+    if (errflag || noerrs)
+	return;
+    errflag = 1;
+    trashzle();
+    /*
+     * scriptname is set when sourcing scripts, so that we get the
+     * correct name instead of the generic name of whatever
+     * program/script is running.
+     */
+    nicezputs(isset(SHINSTDIN) ? "zsh" :
+	      scriptname ? scriptname : argzero, stderr);
+    fputs(": ", stderr);
+    zerrnam(NULL, fmt, str, num);
+}
+
+/**/
+void
+zerrnam(const char *cmd, const char *fmt, const char *str, int num)
+{
+    if (cmd) {
+	if (errflag || noerrs)
+	    return;
+	errflag = 1;
+	trashzle();
+	if(unset(SHINSTDIN)) {
+	    nicezputs(scriptname ? scriptname : argzero, stderr);
+	    fputs(": ", stderr);
+	}
+	nicezputs(cmd, stderr);
+	fputs(": ", stderr);
+    }
+    while (*fmt)
+	if (*fmt == '%') {
+	    fmt++;
+	    switch (*fmt++) {
+	    case 's':
+		nicezputs(str, stderr);
+		break;
+	    case 'l': {
+		char *s;
+		num = metalen(str, num);
+		s = halloc(num + 1);
+		memcpy(s, str, num);
+		s[num] = '\0';
+		nicezputs(s, stderr);
+		break;
+	    }
+	    case 'd':
+		fprintf(stderr, "%d", num);
+		break;
+	    case '%':
+		putc('%', stderr);
+		break;
+	    case 'c':
+		fputs(nicechar(num), stderr);
+		break;
+	    case 'e':
+		/* print the corresponding message for this errno */
+		if (num == EINTR) {
+		    fputs("interrupt\n", stderr);
+		    errflag = 1;
+		    return;
+		}
+		/* If the message is not about I/O problems, it looks better *
+		 * if we uncapitalize the first letter of the message        */
+		if (num == EIO)
+		    fputs(strerror(num), stderr);
+		else {
+		    char *errmsg = strerror(num);
+		    fputc(tulower(errmsg[0]), stderr);
+		    fputs(errmsg + 1, stderr);
+		}
+		break;
+	    }
+	} else {
+	    putc(*fmt == Meta ? *++fmt ^ 32 : *fmt, stderr);
+	    fmt++;
+	}
+    if (unset(SHINSTDIN) && lineno)
+	fprintf(stderr, " [%ld]\n", lineno);
+    else
+	putc('\n', stderr);
+    fflush(stderr);
+}
+
+/* Output a single character, for the termcap routines.     *
+ * This is used instead of putchar since it can be a macro. */
+
+/**/
+int
+putraw(int c)
+{
+    putc(c, stdout);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Output a single character, for the termcap routines. */
+
+/**/
+int
+putshout(int c)
+{
+    putc(c, shout);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Turn a character into a visible representation thereof.  The visible *
+ * string is put together in a static buffer, and this function returns *
+ * a pointer to it.  Printable characters stand for themselves, DEL is  *
+ * represented as "^?", newline and tab are represented as "\n" and     *
+ * "\t", and normal control characters are represented in "^C" form.    *
+ * Characters with bit 7 set, if unprintable, are represented as "\M-"  *
+ * followed by the visible representation of the character with bit 7   *
+ * stripped off.  Tokens are interpreted, rather than being treated as  *
+ * literal characters.                                                  */
+
+/**/
+char *
+nicechar(int c)
+{
+    static char buf[6];
+    char *s = buf;
+    c &= 0xff;
+    if (isprint(c))
+	goto done;
+    if (c & 0x80) {
+	if (isset(PRINTEIGHTBIT))
+	    goto done;
+	*s++ = '\\';
+	*s++ = 'M';
+	*s++ = '-';
+	c &= 0x7f;
+	if(isprint(c))
+	    goto done;
+    }
+    if (c == 0x7f) {
+	*s++ = '^';
+	c = '?';
+    } else if (c == '\n') {
+	*s++ = '\\';
+	c = 'n';
+    } else if (c == '\t') {
+	*s++ = '\\';
+	c = 't';
+    } else if (c < 0x20) {
+	*s++ = '^';
+	c += 0x40;
+    }
+    done:
+    *s++ = c;
+    *s = 0;
+    return buf;
+}
+
+#if 0
+/* Output a string's visible representation. */
+
+/**/
+void
+nicefputs(char *s, FILE *f)
+{
+    for (; *s; s++)
+	fputs(nicechar(STOUC(*s)), f);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Return the length of the visible representation of a string. */
+
+/**/
+size_t
+nicestrlen(char *s)
+{
+    size_t l = 0;
+
+    for (; *s; s++)
+	l += strlen(nicechar(STOUC(*s)));
+    return l;
+}
+
+/* get a symlink-free pathname for s relative to PWD */
+
+/**/
+char *
+findpwd(char *s)
+{
+    char *t;
+
+    if (*s == '/')
+	return xsymlink(s);
+    s = tricat((pwd[1]) ? pwd : "", "/", s);
+    t = xsymlink(s);
+    zsfree(s);
+    return t;
+}
+
+/* Check whether a string contains the *
+ * name of the present directory.      */
+
+/**/
+int
+ispwd(char *s)
+{
+    struct stat sbuf, tbuf;
+
+    if (stat(unmeta(s), &sbuf) == 0 && stat(".", &tbuf) == 0)
+	if (sbuf.st_dev == tbuf.st_dev && sbuf.st_ino == tbuf.st_ino)
+	    return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static char xbuf[PATH_MAX*2];
+
+/**/
+static char **
+slashsplit(char *s)
+{
+    char *t, **r, **q;
+    int t0;
+
+    if (!*s)
+	return (char **) zcalloc(sizeof(char **));
+
+    for (t = s, t0 = 0; *t; t++)
+	if (*t == '/')
+	    t0++;
+    q = r = (char **) zalloc(sizeof(char **) * (t0 + 2));
+
+    while ((t = strchr(s, '/'))) {
+	*q++ = ztrduppfx(s, t - s);
+	while (*t == '/')
+	    t++;
+	if (!*t) {
+	    *q = NULL;
+	    return r;
+	}
+	s = t;
+    }
+    *q++ = ztrdup(s);
+    *q = NULL;
+    return r;
+}
+
+/* expands symlinks and .. or . expressions */
+/* if flag = 0, only expand .. and . expressions */
+
+/**/
+static int
+xsymlinks(char *s, int flag)
+{
+    char **pp, **opp;
+    char xbuf2[PATH_MAX*2], xbuf3[PATH_MAX*2];
+    int t0, ret = 0;
+
+    opp = pp = slashsplit(s);
+    for (; *pp; pp++) {
+	if (!strcmp(*pp, ".")) {
+	    zsfree(*pp);
+	    continue;
+	}
+	if (!strcmp(*pp, "..")) {
+	    char *p;
+
+	    zsfree(*pp);
+	    if (!strcmp(xbuf, "/"))
+		continue;
+	    p = xbuf + strlen(xbuf);
+	    while (*--p != '/');
+	    *p = '\0';
+	    continue;
+	}
+	if (unset(CHASELINKS)) {
+	    strcat(xbuf, "/");
+	    strcat(xbuf, *pp);
+	    zsfree(*pp);
+	    continue;
+	}
+	sprintf(xbuf2, "%s/%s", xbuf, *pp);
+	t0 = readlink(unmeta(xbuf2), xbuf3, PATH_MAX);
+	if (t0 == -1 || !flag) {
+	    strcat(xbuf, "/");
+	    strcat(xbuf, *pp);
+	    zsfree(*pp);
+	} else {
+	    ret = 1;
+	    metafy(xbuf3, t0, META_NOALLOC);
+	    if (*xbuf3 == '/') {
+		strcpy(xbuf, "");
+		xsymlinks(xbuf3 + 1, flag);
+	    } else
+		xsymlinks(xbuf3, flag);
+	    zsfree(*pp);
+	}
+    }
+    free(opp);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* expand symlinks in s, and remove other weird things */
+
+/**/
+char *
+xsymlink(char *s)
+{
+    if (unset(CHASELINKS))
+	return ztrdup(s);
+    if (*s != '/')
+	return NULL;
+    *xbuf = '\0';
+    if (!xsymlinks(s + 1, 1))
+	return ztrdup(s);
+    if (!*xbuf)
+	return ztrdup("/");
+    return ztrdup(xbuf);
+}
+
+/**/
+void
+print_if_link(char *s)
+{
+    int chase;
+
+    if (*s == '/') {
+	chase = opts[CHASELINKS];
+	opts[CHASELINKS] = 1;
+	*xbuf = '\0';
+	if (xsymlinks(s + 1, 1))
+	    printf(" -> "), zputs(*xbuf ? xbuf : "/", stdout);
+	opts[CHASELINKS] = chase;
+    }
+}
+
+/* print a directory */
+
+/**/
+void
+fprintdir(char *s, FILE *f)
+{
+    Nameddir d = finddir(s);
+
+    if (!d)
+	fputs(unmeta(s), f);
+    else {
+	putc('~', f);
+	fputs(unmeta(d->nam), f);
+	fputs(unmeta(s + strlen(d->dir)), f);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Returns the current username.  It caches the username *
+ * and uid to try to avoid requerying the password files *
+ * or NIS/NIS+ database.                                 */
+
+/**/
+uid_t cached_uid;
+/**/
+char *cached_username;
+
+/**/
+char *
+get_username(void)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_GETPWUID
+    struct passwd *pswd;
+    uid_t current_uid;
+ 
+    current_uid = getuid();
+    if (current_uid != cached_uid) {
+	cached_uid = current_uid;
+	zsfree(cached_username);
+	if ((pswd = getpwuid(current_uid)))
+	    cached_username = ztrdup(pswd->pw_name);
+	else
+	    cached_username = ztrdup("");
+    }
+#else /* !HAVE_GETPWUID */
+    cached_uid = current_uid;
+#endif /* !HAVE_GETPWUID */
+    return cached_username;
+}
+
+/* static variables needed by finddir(). */
+
+static char *finddir_full;
+static Nameddir finddir_last;
+static int finddir_best;
+
+/* ScanFunc used by finddir(). */
+
+/**/
+static void
+finddir_scan(HashNode hn, int flags)
+{
+    Nameddir nd = (Nameddir) hn;
+
+    if(nd->diff > finddir_best && !dircmp(nd->dir, finddir_full)) {
+	finddir_last=nd;
+	finddir_best=nd->diff;
+    }
+}
+
+/* See if a path has a named directory as its prefix. *
+ * If passed a NULL argument, it will invalidate any  *
+ * cached information.                                */
+
+/**/
+Nameddir
+finddir(char *s)
+{
+    static struct nameddir homenode = { NULL, "", 0, NULL, 0 };
+    static int ffsz;
+
+    /* Invalidate directory cache if argument is NULL.  This is called *
+     * whenever a node is added to or removed from the hash table, and *
+     * whenever the value of $HOME changes.  (On startup, too.)        */
+    if (!s) {
+	homenode.dir = home;
+	homenode.diff = strlen(home);
+	if(homenode.diff==1)
+	    homenode.diff = 0;
+	if(!finddir_full)
+	    finddir_full = zalloc(ffsz = PATH_MAX);
+	finddir_full[0] = 0;
+	return finddir_last = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if(!strcmp(s, finddir_full) && *finddir_full)
+	return finddir_last;
+
+    if(strlen(s) >= ffsz) {
+	free(finddir_full);
+	finddir_full = zalloc(ffsz = strlen(s) * 2);
+    }
+    strcpy(finddir_full, s);
+    finddir_best=0;
+    finddir_last=NULL;
+    finddir_scan((HashNode)&homenode, 0);
+    scanhashtable(nameddirtab, 0, 0, 0, finddir_scan, 0);
+    return finddir_last;
+}
+
+/* add a named directory */
+
+/**/
+void
+adduserdir(char *s, char *t, int flags, int always)
+{
+    Nameddir nd;
+
+    /* We don't maintain a hash table in non-interactive shells. */
+    if (!interact)
+	return;
+
+    /* The ND_USERNAME flag means that this possible hash table *
+     * entry is derived from a passwd entry.  Such entries are  *
+     * subordinate to explicitly generated entries.             */
+    if ((flags & ND_USERNAME) && nameddirtab->getnode2(nameddirtab, s))
+	return;
+
+    /* Normal parameter assignments generate calls to this function, *
+     * with always==0.  Unless the AUTO_NAME_DIRS option is set, we  *
+     * don't let such assignments actually create directory names.   *
+     * Instead, a reference to the parameter as a directory name can *
+     * cause the actual creation of the hash table entry.            */
+    if (!always && unset(AUTONAMEDIRS) &&
+	    !nameddirtab->getnode2(nameddirtab, s))
+	return;
+
+    if (!t || *t != '/' || strlen(t) >= PATH_MAX) {
+	/* We can't use this value as a directory, so simply remove *
+	 * the corresponding entry in the hash table, if any.       */
+	HashNode hn = nameddirtab->removenode(nameddirtab, s);
+
+	if(hn)
+	    nameddirtab->freenode(hn);
+	return;
+    }
+
+    /* add the name */
+    nd = (Nameddir) zcalloc(sizeof *nd);
+    nd->flags = flags;
+    nd->dir = ztrdup(t);
+    nameddirtab->addnode(nameddirtab, ztrdup(s), nd);
+}
+
+/* Get a named directory: this function can cause a directory name *
+ * to be added to the hash table, if it isn't there already.       */
+
+/**/
+char *
+getnameddir(char *name)
+{
+    Param pm;
+    char *str;
+    Nameddir nd;
+
+    /* Check if it is already in the named directory table */
+    if ((nd = (Nameddir) nameddirtab->getnode(nameddirtab, name)))
+	return dupstring(nd->dir);
+
+    /* Check if there is a scalar parameter with this name whose value *
+     * begins with a `/'.  If there is, add it to the hash table and   *
+     * return the new value.                                           */
+    if ((pm = (Param) paramtab->getnode(paramtab, name)) &&
+	    (PM_TYPE(pm->flags) == PM_SCALAR) &&
+	    (str = getsparam(name)) && *str == '/') {
+	adduserdir(name, str, 0, 1);
+	return str;
+    }
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GETPWNAM
+    {
+	/* Retrieve an entry from the password table/database for this user. */
+	struct passwd *pw;
+	if ((pw = getpwnam(name))) {
+	    char *dir = xsymlink(pw->pw_dir);
+	    adduserdir(name, dir, ND_USERNAME, 1);
+	    str = dupstring(dir);
+	    zsfree(dir);
+	    return str;
+	}
+    }
+#endif /* HAVE_GETPWNAM */
+
+    /* There are no more possible sources of directory names, so give up. */
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/**/
+static int
+dircmp(char *s, char *t)
+{
+    if (s) {
+	for (; *s == *t; s++, t++)
+	    if (!*s)
+		return 0;
+	if (!*s && *t == '/')
+	    return 0;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/* extra functions to call before displaying the prompt */
+
+/**/
+LinkList prepromptfns;
+
+/* the last time we checked mail */
+ 
+/**/
+time_t lastmailcheck;
+ 
+/* the last time we checked the people in the WATCH variable */
+ 
+/**/
+time_t lastwatch;
+
+/* do pre-prompt stuff */
+
+/**/
+void
+preprompt(void)
+{
+    static time_t lastperiodic;
+    LinkNode ln;
+    List list;
+    int period = getiparam("PERIOD");
+    int mailcheck = getiparam("MAILCHECK");
+
+    /* If NOTIFY is not set, then check for completed *
+     * jobs before we print the prompt.               */
+    if (unset(NOTIFY))
+	scanjobs();
+    if (errflag)
+	return;
+
+    /* If a shell function named "precmd" exists, *
+     * then execute it.                           */
+    if ((list = getshfunc("precmd")) != &dummy_list)
+	doshfunc(list, NULL, 0, 1);
+    if (errflag)
+	return;
+
+    /* If 1) the parameter PERIOD exists, 2) the shell function     *
+     * "periodic" exists, 3) it's been greater than PERIOD since we *
+     * executed "periodic", then execute it now.                    */
+    if (period && (time(NULL) > lastperiodic + period) &&
+	(list = getshfunc("periodic")) != &dummy_list) {
+	doshfunc(list, NULL, 0, 1);
+	lastperiodic = time(NULL);
+    }
+    if (errflag)
+	return;
+
+    /* If WATCH is set, then check for the *
+     * specified login/logout events.      */
+    if (watch) {
+	if ((int) difftime(time(NULL), lastwatch) > getiparam("LOGCHECK")) {
+	    dowatch();
+	    lastwatch = time(NULL);
+	}
+    }
+    if (errflag)
+	return;
+
+    /* Check mail */
+    if (mailcheck && (int) difftime(time(NULL), lastmailcheck) > mailcheck) {
+	char *mailfile;
+
+	if (mailpath && *mailpath && **mailpath)
+	    checkmailpath(mailpath);
+	else if ((mailfile = getsparam("MAIL")) && *mailfile) {
+	    char *x[2];
+
+	    x[0] = mailfile;
+	    x[1] = NULL;
+	    checkmailpath(x);
+	}
+	lastmailcheck = time(NULL);
+    }
+
+    /* Some people have claimed that C performs type    *
+     * checking, but they were later found to be lying. */
+    for(ln = firstnode(prepromptfns); ln; ln = nextnode(ln))
+	(**(void (**) _((void)))getdata(ln))();
+}
+
+/**/
+static void
+checkmailpath(char **s)
+{
+    struct stat st;
+    char *v, *u, c;
+
+    while (*s) {
+	for (v = *s; *v && *v != '?'; v++);
+	c = *v;
+	*v = '\0';
+	if (c != '?')
+	    u = NULL;
+	else
+	    u = v + 1;
+	if (**s == 0) {
+	    *v = c;
+	    zerr("empty MAILPATH component: %s", *s, 0);
+	} else if (stat(unmeta(*s), &st) == -1) {
+	    if (errno != ENOENT)
+		zerr("%e: %s", *s, errno);
+	} else if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+	    LinkList l;
+	    DIR *lock = opendir(unmeta(*s));
+	    char buf[PATH_MAX * 2], **arr, **ap;
+	    int ct = 1;
+
+	    if (lock) {
+		char *fn;
+		HEAPALLOC {
+		    pushheap();
+		    l = newlinklist();
+		    while ((fn = zreaddir(lock, 1)) && !errflag) {
+			if (u)
+			    sprintf(buf, "%s/%s?%s", *s, fn, u);
+			else
+			    sprintf(buf, "%s/%s", *s, fn);
+			addlinknode(l, dupstring(buf));
+			ct++;
+		    }
+		    closedir(lock);
+		    ap = arr = (char **) alloc(ct * sizeof(char *));
+
+		    while ((*ap++ = (char *)ugetnode(l)));
+		    checkmailpath(arr);
+		    popheap();
+		} LASTALLOC;
+	    }
+	} else {
+	    if (st.st_size && st.st_atime <= st.st_mtime &&
+		st.st_mtime > lastmailcheck)
+		if (!u) {
+		    fprintf(shout, "You have new mail.\n");
+		    fflush(shout);
+		} else {
+		    char *usav = underscore;
+
+		    underscore = *s;
+		    HEAPALLOC {
+			u = dupstring(u);
+			if (! parsestr(u)) {
+			    singsub(&u);
+			    zputs(u, shout);
+			    fputc('\n', shout);
+			    fflush(shout);
+			}
+			underscore = usav;
+		    } LASTALLOC;
+		}
+	    if (isset(MAILWARNING) && st.st_atime > st.st_mtime &&
+		st.st_atime > lastmailcheck && st.st_size) {
+		fprintf(shout, "The mail in %s has been read.\n", unmeta(*s));
+		fflush(shout);
+	    }
+	}
+	*v = c;
+	s++;
+    }
+}
+
+/**/
+void
+freestr(void *a)
+{
+    zsfree(a);
+}
+
+/**/
+void
+gettyinfo(struct ttyinfo *ti)
+{
+    if (SHTTY != -1) {
+#ifdef HAVE_TERMIOS_H
+# ifdef HAVE_TCGETATTR
+	if (tcgetattr(SHTTY, &ti->tio) == -1)
+# else
+	if (ioctl(SHTTY, TCGETS, &ti->tio) == -1)
+# endif
+	    zerr("bad tcgets: %e", NULL, errno);
+#else
+# ifdef HAVE_TERMIO_H
+	ioctl(SHTTY, TCGETA, &ti->tio);
+# else
+	ioctl(SHTTY, TIOCGETP, &ti->sgttyb);
+	ioctl(SHTTY, TIOCLGET, &ti->lmodes);
+	ioctl(SHTTY, TIOCGETC, &ti->tchars);
+	ioctl(SHTTY, TIOCGLTC, &ti->ltchars);
+# endif
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
+/**/
+void
+settyinfo(struct ttyinfo *ti)
+{
+    if (SHTTY != -1) {
+#ifdef HAVE_TERMIOS_H
+# ifdef HAVE_TCGETATTR
+#  ifndef TCSADRAIN
+#   define TCSADRAIN 1	/* XXX Princeton's include files are screwed up */
+#  endif
+	tcsetattr(SHTTY, TCSADRAIN, &ti->tio);
+    /* if (tcsetattr(SHTTY, TCSADRAIN, &ti->tio) == -1) */
+# else
+	ioctl(SHTTY, TCSETS, &ti->tio);
+    /* if (ioctl(SHTTY, TCSETS, &ti->tio) == -1) */
+# endif
+	/*	zerr("settyinfo: %e",NULL,errno)*/ ;
+#else
+# ifdef HAVE_TERMIO_H
+	ioctl(SHTTY, TCSETA, &ti->tio);
+# else
+	ioctl(SHTTY, TIOCSETN, &ti->sgttyb);
+	ioctl(SHTTY, TIOCLSET, &ti->lmodes);
+	ioctl(SHTTY, TIOCSETC, &ti->tchars);
+	ioctl(SHTTY, TIOCSLTC, &ti->ltchars);
+# endif
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
+/* the default tty state */
+ 
+/**/
+struct ttyinfo shttyinfo;
+
+/* != 0 if we need to call resetvideo() */
+
+/**/
+int resetneeded;
+
+#ifdef TIOCGWINSZ
+/* window size changed */
+
+/**/
+int winchanged;
+#endif
+ 
+/* check the size of the window and adjust if necessary */
+
+/**/
+void
+adjustwinsize(void)
+{
+#ifdef TIOCGWINSZ
+    int oldcols = columns, oldrows = lines;
+
+    if (SHTTY == -1)
+	return;
+
+    ioctl(SHTTY, TIOCGWINSZ, (char *)&shttyinfo.winsize);
+    setiparam("COLUMNS", shttyinfo.winsize.ws_col);
+    setiparam("LINES", shttyinfo.winsize.ws_row);
+    if (zleactive && (oldcols != columns || oldrows != lines)) {
+	resetneeded = winchanged = 1;
+	refresh();
+    }
+#endif   /* TIOCGWINSZ */
+}
+
+/* Move a fd to a place >= 10 and mark the new fd in fdtable.  If the fd *
+ * is already >= 10, it is not moved.  If it is invalid, -1 is returned. */
+
+/**/
+int
+movefd(int fd)
+{
+    if(fd != -1 && fd < 10) {
+#ifdef F_DUPFD
+	int fe = fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD, 10);
+#else
+	int fe = movefd(dup(fd));
+#endif
+	zclose(fd);
+	fd = fe;
+    }
+    if(fd != -1) {
+	if (fd > max_zsh_fd) {
+	    while (fd >= fdtable_size)
+		fdtable = zrealloc(fdtable, (fdtable_size *= 2));
+	    max_zsh_fd = fd;
+	}
+	fdtable[fd] = 1;
+    }
+    return fd;
+}
+
+/* Move fd x to y.  If x == -1, fd y is closed. */
+
+/**/
+void
+redup(int x, int y)
+{
+    if(x < 0)
+	zclose(y);
+    else if (x != y) {
+	while (y >= fdtable_size)
+	    fdtable = zrealloc(fdtable, (fdtable_size *= 2));
+	dup2(x, y);
+	if ((fdtable[y] = fdtable[x]) && y > max_zsh_fd)
+	    max_zsh_fd = y;
+	zclose(x);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Close the given fd, and clear it from fdtable. */
+
+/**/
+int
+zclose(int fd)
+{
+    if (fd >= 0) {
+	fdtable[fd] = 0;
+	while (max_zsh_fd > 0 && !fdtable[max_zsh_fd])
+	    max_zsh_fd--;
+	if (fd == coprocin)
+	    coprocin = -1;
+	if (fd == coprocout)
+	    coprocout = -1;
+    }
+    return close(fd);
+}
+
+/* Get a file name relative to $TMPPREFIX which *
+ * is unique, for use as a temporary file.      */
+ 
+/**/
+char *
+gettempname(void)
+{
+    char *s;
+ 
+    if (!(s = getsparam("TMPPREFIX")))
+	s = DEFAULT_TMPPREFIX;
+ 
+    return ((char *) mktemp(dyncat(unmeta(s), "XXXXXX")));
+}
+
+/* Check if a string contains a token */
+
+/**/
+int
+has_token(const char *s)
+{
+    while(*s)
+	if(itok(*s++))
+	    return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Delete a character in a string */
+ 
+/**/
+void
+chuck(char *str)
+{
+    while ((str[0] = str[1]))
+	str++;
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+tulower(int c)
+{
+    c &= 0xff;
+    return (isupper(c) ? tolower(c) : c);
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+tuupper(int c)
+{
+    c &= 0xff;
+    return (islower(c) ? toupper(c) : c);
+}
+
+/* copy len chars from t into s, and null terminate */
+
+/**/
+void
+ztrncpy(char *s, char *t, int len)
+{
+    while (len--)
+	*s++ = *t++;
+    *s = '\0';
+}
+
+/* copy t into *s and update s */
+
+/**/
+void
+strucpy(char **s, char *t)
+{
+    char *u = *s;
+
+    while ((*u++ = *t++));
+    *s = u - 1;
+}
+
+/**/
+void
+struncpy(char **s, char *t, int n)
+{
+    char *u = *s;
+
+    while (n--)
+	*u++ = *t++;
+    *s = u;
+    *u = '\0';
+}
+
+/* Return the number of elements in an array of pointers. *
+ * It doesn't count the NULL pointer at the end.          */
+
+/**/
+int
+arrlen(char **s)
+{
+    int count;
+
+    for (count = 0; *s; s++, count++);
+    return count;
+}
+
+/* Skip over a balanced pair of parenthesis. */
+
+/**/
+int
+skipparens(char inpar, char outpar, char **s)
+{
+    int level;
+
+    if (**s != inpar)
+	return -1;
+
+    for (level = 1; *++*s && level;)
+	if (**s == inpar)
+	   ++level;
+	else if (**s == outpar)
+	   --level;
+
+   return level;
+}
+
+/* Convert string to long.  This function (without the z) *
+ * is contained in the ANSI standard C library, but a lot *
+ * of them seem to be broken.                             */
+
+/**/
+long
+zstrtol(const char *s, char **t, int base)
+{
+    long ret = 0;
+    int neg;
+
+    while (inblank(*s))
+	s++;
+
+    if ((neg = (*s == '-')))
+	s++;
+    else if (*s == '+')
+	s++;
+
+    if (!base)
+	if (*s != '0')
+	    base = 10;
+	else if (*++s == 'x' || *s == 'X')
+	    base = 16, s++;
+	else
+	    base = 8;
+ 
+    if (base <= 10)
+	for (; *s >= '0' && *s < ('0' + base); s++)
+	    ret = ret * base + *s - '0';
+    else
+	for (; idigit(*s) || (*s >= 'a' && *s < ('a' + base - 10))
+	     || (*s >= 'A' && *s < ('A' + base - 10)); s++)
+	    ret = ret * base + (idigit(*s) ? (*s - '0') : (*s & 0x1f) + 9);
+    if (t)
+	*t = (char *)s;
+    return neg ? -ret : ret;
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+setblock_stdin(void)
+{
+#ifdef O_NDELAY
+# ifdef O_NONBLOCK
+#  define NONBLOCK (O_NDELAY|O_NONBLOCK)
+# else /* !O_NONBLOCK */
+#  define NONBLOCK O_NDELAY
+# endif /* !O_NONBLOCK */
+#else /* !O_NDELAY */
+# ifdef O_NONBLOCK
+#  define NONBLOCK O_NONBLOCK
+# else /* !O_NONBLOCK */
+#  define NONBLOCK 0
+# endif /* !O_NONBLOCK */
+#endif /* !O_NDELAY */
+
+#if NONBLOCK
+    struct stat st;
+    long mode;
+
+    if (!fstat(0, &st) && !S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
+	mode = fcntl(0, F_GETFL);
+	if (mode != -1 && (mode & NONBLOCK) &&
+	    !fcntl(0, F_SETFL, mode & ~NONBLOCK))
+	    return 1;
+    }
+#endif /* NONBLOCK */
+    return 0;
+
+#undef NONBLOCK
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+checkrmall(char *s)
+{
+    fprintf(shout, "zsh: sure you want to delete all the files in ");
+    if (*s != '/') {
+	nicezputs(pwd[1] ? unmeta(pwd) : "", shout);
+	fputc('/', shout);
+    }
+    nicezputs(s, shout);
+    if(isset(RMSTARWAIT)) {
+	fputs("? (waiting ten seconds)", shout);
+	fflush(shout);
+	beep();
+	sleep(10);
+	fputc('\n', shout);
+    }
+    fputs(" [yn]? ", shout);
+    fflush(shout);
+    beep();
+    return (getquery("ny", 1) == 'y');
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+getquery(char *valid_chars, int purge)
+{
+    char c, d;
+    int isem = !strcmp(term, "emacs");
+
+#ifdef FIONREAD
+    int val = 0;
+#endif
+
+    attachtty(mypgrp);
+    if (!isem)
+	setcbreak();
+
+#ifdef FIONREAD
+    ioctl(SHTTY, FIONREAD, (char *)&val);
+    if(purge) {
+	while(val--)
+	    read(SHTTY, &c, 1);
+    } else if (val) {
+	if (!isem)
+	    settyinfo(&shttyinfo);
+	write(SHTTY, "n\n", 2);
+	return 'n';
+    }
+#endif
+    while (read(SHTTY, &c, 1) == 1) {
+	if (c == 'Y' || c == '\t')
+	    c = 'y';
+	else if (c == 'N')
+	    c = 'n';
+	if (!valid_chars)
+	    break;
+	if (c == '\n') {
+	    c = *valid_chars;
+	    break;
+	}
+	if (strchr(valid_chars, c)) {
+	    write(SHTTY, "\n", 1);
+	    break;
+	}
+	beep();
+	if (icntrl(c))
+	    write(SHTTY, "\b \b", 3);
+	write(SHTTY, "\b \b", 3);
+    }
+    if (isem) {
+	if (c != '\n')
+	    while (read(SHTTY, &d, 1) == 1 && d != '\n');
+    } else {
+	settyinfo(&shttyinfo);
+	if (c != '\n' && !valid_chars)
+	    write(SHTTY, "\n", 1);
+    }
+    return (int)c;
+}
+
+static int d;
+static char *guess, *best;
+
+/**/
+static void
+spscan(HashNode hn, int scanflags)
+{
+    int nd;
+
+    nd = spdist(hn->nam, guess, (int) strlen(guess) / 4 + 1);
+    if (nd <= d) {
+	best = hn->nam;
+	d = nd;
+    }
+}
+
+/* spellcheck a word */
+/* fix s ; if hist is nonzero, fix the history list too */
+
+/**/
+void
+spckword(char **s, int hist, int cmd, int ask)
+{
+    char *t, *u;
+    int x;
+    char ic = '\0';
+    int ne;
+    int preflen = 0;
+
+    if ((histdone & HISTFLAG_NOEXEC) || **s == '-' || **s == '%')
+	return;
+    if (!strcmp(*s, "in"))
+	return;
+    if (!(*s)[0] || !(*s)[1])
+	return;
+    if (shfunctab->getnode(shfunctab, *s) ||
+	builtintab->getnode(builtintab, *s) ||
+	cmdnamtab->getnode(cmdnamtab, *s) ||
+	aliastab->getnode(aliastab, *s)  ||
+	reswdtab->getnode(reswdtab, *s))
+	return;
+    else if (isset(HASHLISTALL)) {
+	cmdnamtab->filltable(cmdnamtab);
+	if (cmdnamtab->getnode(cmdnamtab, *s))
+	    return;
+    }
+    t = *s;
+    if (*t == Tilde || *t == Equals || *t == String)
+	t++;
+    for (; *t; t++)
+	if (itok(*t))
+	    return;
+    best = NULL;
+    for (t = *s; *t; t++)
+	if (*t == '/')
+	    break;
+    if (**s == Tilde && !*t)
+	return;
+    if (**s == String && !*t) {
+	guess = *s + 1;
+	if (*t || !ialpha(*guess))
+	    return;
+	ic = String;
+	d = 100;
+	scanhashtable(paramtab, 1, 0, 0, spscan, 0);
+    } else if (**s == Equals) {
+	if (*t)
+	    return;
+	if (hashcmd(guess = *s + 1, pathchecked))
+	    return;
+	d = 100;
+	ic = Equals;
+	scanhashtable(aliastab, 1, 0, 0, spscan, 0);
+	scanhashtable(cmdnamtab, 1, 0, 0, spscan, 0);
+    } else {
+	guess = *s;
+	if (*guess == Tilde || *guess == String) {
+	    ic = *guess;
+	    if (!*++t)
+		return;
+	    guess = dupstring(guess);
+	    ne = noerrs;
+	    noerrs = 1;
+	    singsub(&guess);
+	    noerrs = ne;
+	    if (!guess)
+		return;
+	    preflen = strlen(guess) - strlen(t);
+	}
+	if (access(unmeta(guess), F_OK) == 0)
+	    return;
+	if ((u = spname(guess)) != guess)
+	    best = u;
+	if (!*t && cmd) {
+	    if (hashcmd(guess, pathchecked))
+		return;
+	    d = 100;
+	    scanhashtable(reswdtab, 1, 0, 0, spscan, 0);
+	    scanhashtable(aliastab, 1, 0, 0, spscan, 0);
+	    scanhashtable(shfunctab, 1, 0, 0, spscan, 0);
+	    scanhashtable(builtintab, 1, 0, 0, spscan, 0);
+	    scanhashtable(cmdnamtab, 1, 0, 0, spscan, 0);
+	}
+    }
+    if (errflag)
+	return;
+    if (best && (int)strlen(best) > 1 && strcmp(best, guess)) {
+	if (ic) {
+	    if (preflen) {
+		/* do not correct the result of an expansion */
+		if (strncmp(guess, best, preflen))
+		    return;
+		/* replace the temporarily expanded prefix with the original */
+		u = (char *) ncalloc(t - *s + strlen(best + preflen) + 1);
+		strncpy(u, *s, t - *s);
+		strcpy(u + (t - *s), best + preflen);
+	    } else {
+		u = (char *) ncalloc(strlen(best) + 2);
+		strcpy(u + 1, best);
+	    }
+	    best = u;
+	    guess = *s;
+	    *guess = *best = ztokens[ic - Pound];
+	}
+	if (ask) {
+	    char *pptbuf;
+	    pptbuf = promptexpand(sprompt, 0, best, guess);
+	    zputs(pptbuf, shout);
+	    free(pptbuf);
+	    fflush(shout);
+	    beep();
+	    x = getquery("nyae ", 0);
+	} else
+	    x = 'y';
+	if (x == 'y' || x == ' ') {
+	    *s = dupstring(best);
+	    if (hist)
+		hwrep(best);
+	} else if (x == 'a') {
+	    histdone |= HISTFLAG_NOEXEC;
+	} else if (x == 'e') {
+	    histdone |= HISTFLAG_NOEXEC | HISTFLAG_RECALL;
+	}
+	if (ic)
+	    **s = ic;
+    }
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+ztrftime(char *buf, int bufsize, char *fmt, struct tm *tm)
+{
+    int hr12;
+#ifndef HAVE_STRFTIME
+    static char *astr[] =
+    {"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"};
+    static char *estr[] =
+    {"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul",
+     "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"};
+#else
+    char *origbuf = buf;
+#endif
+    char tmp[3];
+
+
+    tmp[0] = '%';
+    tmp[2] = '\0';
+    while (*fmt)
+	if (*fmt == '%') {
+	    fmt++;
+	    switch (*fmt++) {
+	    case 'd':
+		*buf++ = '0' + tm->tm_mday / 10;
+		*buf++ = '0' + tm->tm_mday % 10;
+		break;
+	    case 'e':
+	    case 'f':
+		if (tm->tm_mday > 9)
+		    *buf++ = '0' + tm->tm_mday / 10;
+		else if (fmt[-1] == 'e')
+		    *buf++ = ' ';
+		*buf++ = '0' + tm->tm_mday % 10;
+		break;
+	    case 'k':
+	    case 'K':
+		if (tm->tm_hour > 9)
+		    *buf++ = '0' + tm->tm_hour / 10;
+		else if (fmt[-1] == 'k')
+		    *buf++ = ' ';
+		*buf++ = '0' + tm->tm_hour % 10;
+		break;
+	    case 'l':
+	    case 'L':
+		hr12 = tm->tm_hour % 12;
+		if (hr12 == 0)
+		    hr12 = 12;
+	        if (hr12 > 9)
+		  *buf++ = '1';
+		else if (fmt[-1] == 'l')
+		  *buf++ = ' ';
+		*buf++ = '0' + (hr12 % 10);
+		break;
+	    case 'm':
+		*buf++ = '0' + (tm->tm_mon + 1) / 10;
+		*buf++ = '0' + (tm->tm_mon + 1) % 10;
+		break;
+	    case 'M':
+		*buf++ = '0' + tm->tm_min / 10;
+		*buf++ = '0' + tm->tm_min % 10;
+		break;
+	    case 'S':
+		*buf++ = '0' + tm->tm_sec / 10;
+		*buf++ = '0' + tm->tm_sec % 10;
+		break;
+	    case 'y':
+		*buf++ = '0' + (tm->tm_year / 10) % 10;
+		*buf++ = '0' + tm->tm_year % 10;
+		break;
+#ifndef HAVE_STRFTIME
+	    case 'a':
+		strucpy(&buf, astr[tm->tm_wday]);
+		break;
+	    case 'b':
+		strucpy(&buf, estr[tm->tm_mon]);
+		break;
+	    case 'p':
+		*buf++ = (tm->tm_hour > 11) ? 'p' : 'a';
+		*buf++ = 'm';
+		break;
+	    default:
+		*buf++ = '%';
+		if (fmt[-1] != '%')
+		    *buf++ = fmt[-1];
+#else
+	    default:
+		*buf = '\0';
+		tmp[1] = fmt[-1];
+		strftime(buf, bufsize - strlen(origbuf), tmp, tm);
+		buf += strlen(buf);
+#endif
+		break;
+	    }
+	} else
+	    *buf++ = *fmt++;
+    *buf = '\0';
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**/
+char *
+zjoin(char **arr, int delim)
+{
+    int len = 0;
+    char **s, *ret, *ptr;
+
+    for (s = arr; *s; s++)
+	len += strlen(*s) + 1;
+    if (!len)
+	return "";
+    ptr = ret = (char *) ncalloc(len);
+    for (s = arr; *s; s++) {
+	strucpy(&ptr, *s);
+	if (delim)
+	    *ptr++ = delim;
+    }
+    ptr[-1] = '\0';
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* Split a string containing a colon separated list *
+ * of items into an array of strings.               */
+
+/**/
+char **
+colonsplit(char *s, int uniq)
+{
+    int ct;
+    char *t, **ret, **ptr, **p;
+
+    for (t = s, ct = 0; *t; t++) /* count number of colons */
+	if (*t == ':')
+	    ct++;
+    ptr = ret = (char **) zalloc(sizeof(char **) * (ct + 2));
+
+    t = s;
+    do {
+	s = t;
+        /* move t to point at next colon */
+	for (; *t && *t != ':'; t++);
+	if (uniq)
+	    for (p = ret; p < ptr; p++)
+		if (strlen(*p) == t - s && ! strncmp(*p, s, t - s))
+		    goto cont;
+	*ptr = (char *) zalloc((t - s) + 1);
+	ztrncpy(*ptr++, s, t - s);
+      cont: ;
+    }
+    while (*t++);
+    *ptr = NULL;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/**/
+static int
+skipwsep(char **s)
+{
+    char *t = *s;
+    int i = 0;
+
+    while (*t && iwsep(*t == Meta ? t[1] ^ 32 : *t)) {
+	if (*t == Meta)
+	    t++;
+	t++;
+	i++;
+    }
+    *s = t;
+    return i;
+}
+
+/**/
+char **
+spacesplit(char *s, int allownull)
+{
+    char *t, **ret, **ptr;
+
+    ptr = ret = (char **) ncalloc(sizeof(*ret) * (wordcount(s, NULL, -!allownull) + 1));
+
+    t = s;
+    skipwsep(&s);
+    if (*s && isep(*s == Meta ? s[1] ^ 32 : *s))
+	*ptr++ = dupstring(allownull ? "" : nulstring);
+    else if (!allownull && t != s)
+	*ptr++ = dupstring("");
+    while (*s) {
+	if (isep(*s == Meta ? s[1] ^ 32 : *s)) {
+	    if (*s == Meta)
+		s++;
+	    s++;
+	    skipwsep(&s);
+	}
+	t = s;
+	findsep(&s, NULL);
+	if (s > t || allownull) {
+	    *ptr = (char *) ncalloc((s - t) + 1);
+	    ztrncpy(*ptr++, t, s - t);
+	} else
+	    *ptr++ = dupstring(nulstring);
+	t = s;
+	skipwsep(&s);
+    }
+    if (!allownull && t != s)
+	*ptr++ = dupstring("");
+    *ptr = NULL;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/**/
+static int
+findsep(char **s, char *sep)
+{
+    int i;
+    char *t, *tt;
+
+    if (!sep) {
+	for (t = *s; *t; t++) {
+	    if (*t == Meta) {
+		if (isep(t[1] ^ 32))
+		    break;
+		t++;
+	    } else if (isep(*t))
+		break;
+	}
+	i = t - *s;
+	*s = t;
+	return i;
+    }
+    if (!sep[0]) {
+	return **s ? ++*s, 1 : -1;
+    }
+    for (i = 0; **s; i++) {
+	for (t = sep, tt = *s; *t && *tt && *t == *tt; t++, tt++);
+	if (!*t)
+	    return i;
+	if (*(*s)++ == Meta) {
+	    (*s)++;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	    if (! **s)
+		fprintf(stderr, "BUG: unexpected end of string in findsep()\n");
+#endif
+	}
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/**/
+char *
+findword(char **s, char *sep)
+{
+    char *r, *t;
+    int sl;
+
+    if (!**s)
+	return NULL;
+
+    if (sep) {
+	sl = strlen(sep);
+	r = *s;
+	while (! findsep(s, sep)) {
+	    r = *s += sl;
+	}
+	return r;
+    }
+    for (t = *s; *t; t++) {
+	if (*t == Meta) {
+	    if (! isep(t[1] ^ 32))
+		break;
+	    t++;
+	} else if (! isep(*t))
+	    break;
+    }
+    *s = t;
+    findsep(s, sep);
+    return t;
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+wordcount(char *s, char *sep, int mul)
+{
+    int r, sl, c;
+
+    if (sep) {
+	r = 1;
+	sl = strlen(sep);
+	for (; (c = findsep(&s, sep)) >= 0; s += sl)
+	    if ((c && *(s + sl)) || mul)
+		r++;
+    } else {
+	char *t = s;
+
+	r = 0;
+	if (mul <= 0)
+	    skipwsep(&s);
+	if ((*s && isep(*s == Meta ? s[1] ^ 32 : *s)) ||
+	    (mul < 0 && t != s))
+	    r++;
+	for (; *s; r++) {
+	    if (isep(*s == Meta ? s[1] ^ 32 : *s)) {
+		if (*s == Meta)
+		    s++;
+		s++;
+		if (mul <= 0)
+		    skipwsep(&s);
+	    }
+	    findsep(&s, NULL);
+	    t = s;
+	    if (mul <= 0)
+		skipwsep(&s);
+	}
+	if (mul < 0 && t != s)
+	    r++;
+    }
+    return r;
+}
+
+/**/
+char *
+sepjoin(char **s, char *sep)
+{
+    char *r, *p, **t;
+    int l, sl, elide = 0;
+    char sepbuf[3];
+
+    if (!*s)
+	return "";
+    if (!sep) {
+	elide = 1;
+	sep = sepbuf;
+	sepbuf[0] = *ifs;
+	sepbuf[1] = *ifs == Meta ? ifs[1] ^ 32 : '\0';
+	sepbuf[2] = '\0';
+    }
+    sl = strlen(sep);
+    for (t = s, l = 1 - sl; *t; l += strlen(*t) + sl, t++);
+    r = p = (char *) ncalloc(l);
+    t = s;
+    while (*t) {
+	strucpy(&p, *t);
+	if (*++t)
+	    strucpy(&p, sep);
+    }
+    *p = '\0';
+    return r;
+}
+
+/**/
+char **
+sepsplit(char *s, char *sep, int allownull)
+{
+    int n, sl;
+    char *t, *tt, **r, **p;
+
+    if (!sep)
+	return spacesplit(s, allownull);
+
+    sl = strlen(sep);
+    n = wordcount(s, sep, 1);
+    r = p = (char **) ncalloc((n + 1) * sizeof(char *));
+
+    for (t = s; n--;) {
+	tt = t;
+	findsep(&t, sep);
+	*p = (char *) ncalloc(t - tt + 1);
+	strncpy(*p, tt, t - tt);
+	(*p)[t - tt] = '\0';
+	p++;
+	t += sl;
+    }
+    *p = NULL;
+
+    return r;
+}
+
+/* Get the definition of a shell function */
+
+/**/
+List
+getshfunc(char *nam)
+{
+    Shfunc shf;
+
+    if (!(shf = (Shfunc) shfunctab->getnode(shfunctab, nam)))
+	return &dummy_list;
+
+    return shf->funcdef;
+}
+
+/* allocate a tree element */
+
+static int sizetab[N_COUNT] = {
+    sizeof(struct list),
+    sizeof(struct sublist),
+    sizeof(struct pline),
+    sizeof(struct cmd),
+    sizeof(struct redir),
+    sizeof(struct cond),
+    sizeof(struct forcmd),
+    sizeof(struct casecmd),
+    sizeof(struct ifcmd),
+    sizeof(struct whilecmd),
+    sizeof(struct varasg),
+    sizeof(struct autofn),
+};
+
+static int offstab[N_COUNT] = {
+    offsetof(struct list, left),
+    offsetof(struct sublist, left),
+    offsetof(struct pline, left),
+    offsetof(struct cmd, u),
+    offsetof(struct redir, name),
+    offsetof(struct cond, left),
+    offsetof(struct forcmd, name),
+    offsetof(struct casecmd, pats),
+    offsetof(struct ifcmd, ifls),
+    offsetof(struct whilecmd, cont),
+    offsetof(struct varasg, name),
+    sizeof(struct autofn),
+};
+
+static int flagtab[N_COUNT] = {
+    NT_SET(N_LIST, NT_NODE, NT_NODE, 0, 0),
+    NT_SET(N_SUBLIST, NT_NODE, NT_NODE, 0, 0),
+    NT_SET(N_PLINE, NT_NODE, NT_NODE, 0, 0),
+    NT_SET(N_CMD, NT_NODE, NT_STR | NT_LIST, NT_NODE | NT_LIST, NT_NODE | NT_LIST),
+    NT_SET(N_REDIR, NT_STR, 0, 0, 0),
+    NT_SET(N_COND, NT_NODE, NT_NODE, 0, 0),
+    NT_SET(N_FOR, NT_STR, NT_STR, NT_STR, NT_NODE),
+    NT_SET(N_CASE, NT_STR | NT_ARR, NT_NODE | NT_ARR, 0, 0),
+    NT_SET(N_IF, NT_NODE | NT_ARR, NT_NODE | NT_ARR, 0, 0),
+    NT_SET(N_WHILE, NT_NODE, NT_NODE, 0, 0),
+    NT_SET(N_VARASG, NT_STR, NT_STR, NT_STR | NT_LIST, 0),
+    NT_SET(N_AUTOFN, 0, 0, 0, 0),
+};
+
+/**/
+void *
+allocnode(int type)
+{
+    struct node *n;
+
+    n = (struct node *) alloc(sizetab[type]);
+    memset((void *) n, 0, sizetab[type]);
+    n->ntype = flagtab[type];
+    if (useheap)
+	n->ntype |= NT_HEAP;
+
+    return (void *) n;
+}
+
+/**/
+void *
+dupstruct(void *a)
+{
+    struct node *n, *r;
+
+    n = (struct node *) a;
+    if (!a || ((List) a) == &dummy_list)
+	return (void *) a;
+
+    if ((n->ntype & NT_HEAP) && !useheap) {
+	HEAPALLOC {
+	    n = (struct node *) dupstruct2((void *) n);
+	} LASTALLOC;
+	n = simplifystruct(n);
+    }
+    r = (struct node *)dupstruct2((void *) n);
+
+    if (!(n->ntype & NT_HEAP) && useheap)
+	r = expandstruct(r, N_LIST);
+
+    return (void *) r;
+}
+
+/**/
+static struct node *
+simplifystruct(struct node *n)
+{
+    if (!n || ((List) n) == &dummy_list)
+	return n;
+
+    switch (NT_TYPE(n->ntype)) {
+    case N_LIST:
+	{
+	    List l = (List) n;
+
+	    l->left = (Sublist) simplifystruct((struct node *)l->left);
+	    if ((l->type & Z_SYNC) && !l->right)
+		return (struct node *)l->left;
+	}
+	break;
+    case N_SUBLIST:
+	{
+	    Sublist sl = (Sublist) n;
+
+	    sl->left = (Pline) simplifystruct((struct node *)sl->left);
+	    if (sl->type == END && !sl->flags && !sl->right)
+		return (struct node *)sl->left;
+	}
+	break;
+    case N_PLINE:
+	{
+	    Pline pl = (Pline) n;
+
+	    pl->left = (Cmd) simplifystruct((struct node *)pl->left);
+	    if (pl->type == END && !pl->right)
+		return (struct node *)pl->left;
+	}
+	break;
+    case N_CMD:
+	{
+	    Cmd c = (Cmd) n;
+	    int i = 0;
+
+	    if (empty(c->args))
+		c->args = NULL, i++;
+	    if (empty(c->redir))
+		c->redir = NULL, i++;
+	    if (empty(c->vars))
+		c->vars = NULL, i++;
+
+	    c->u.list = (List) simplifystruct((struct node *)c->u.list);
+	    if (i == 3 && !c->flags &&
+		(c->type == CWHILE || c->type == CIF ||
+		 c->type == COND))
+		return (struct node *)c->u.list;
+	}
+	break;
+    case N_FOR:
+	{
+	    Forcmd f = (Forcmd) n;
+
+	    f->list = (List) simplifystruct((struct node *)f->list);
+	}
+	break;
+    case N_CASE:
+	{
+	    struct casecmd *c = (struct casecmd *)n;
+	    List *l;
+
+	    for (l = c->lists; *l; l++)
+		*l = (List) simplifystruct((struct node *)*l);
+	}
+	break;
+    case N_IF:
+	{
+	    struct ifcmd *i = (struct ifcmd *)n;
+	    List *l;
+
+	    for (l = i->ifls; *l; l++)
+		*l = (List) simplifystruct((struct node *)*l);
+	    for (l = i->thenls; *l; l++)
+		*l = (List) simplifystruct((struct node *)*l);
+	}
+	break;
+    case N_WHILE:
+	{
+	    struct whilecmd *w = (struct whilecmd *)n;
+
+	    w->cont = (List) simplifystruct((struct node *)w->cont);
+	    w->loop = (List) simplifystruct((struct node *)w->loop);
+	}
+    }
+
+    return n;
+}
+
+/**/
+struct node *
+expandstruct(struct node *n, int exp)
+{
+    struct node *m;
+
+    if (!n || ((List) n) == &dummy_list)
+	return n;
+
+    if (exp != N_COUNT && exp != NT_TYPE(n->ntype)) {
+	switch (exp) {
+	case N_LIST:
+	    {
+		List l;
+
+		m = (struct node *) allocnode(N_LIST);
+		l = (List) m;
+		l->type = Z_SYNC;
+		l->left = (Sublist) expandstruct(n, N_SUBLIST);
+
+		return (struct node *)l;
+	    }
+	case N_SUBLIST:
+	    {
+		Sublist sl;
+
+		m = (struct node *) allocnode(N_SUBLIST);
+		sl = (Sublist) m;
+		sl->type = END;
+		sl->left = (Pline) expandstruct(n, N_PLINE);
+
+		return (struct node *)sl;
+	    }
+	case N_PLINE:
+	    {
+		Pline pl;
+
+		m = (struct node *) allocnode(N_PLINE);
+		pl = (Pline) m;
+		pl->type = END;
+		pl->left = (Cmd) expandstruct(n, N_CMD);
+
+		return (struct node *)pl;
+	    }
+	case N_CMD:
+	    {
+		Cmd c;
+
+		m = (struct node *) allocnode(N_CMD);
+		c = (Cmd) m;
+		switch (NT_TYPE(n->ntype)) {
+		case N_WHILE:
+		    c->type = CWHILE;
+		    break;
+		case N_IF:
+		    c->type = CIF;
+		    break;
+		case N_COND:
+		    c->type = COND;
+		}
+		c->u.list = (List) expandstruct(n, NT_TYPE(n->ntype));
+		c->args = newlinklist();
+		c->vars = newlinklist();
+		c->redir = newlinklist();
+
+		return (struct node *)c;
+	    }
+	}
+    } else
+	switch (NT_TYPE(n->ntype)) {
+	case N_LIST:
+	    {
+		List l = (List) n;
+
+		l->left = (Sublist) expandstruct((struct node *)l->left,
+						 N_SUBLIST);
+		l->right = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)l->right,
+					       N_LIST);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	case N_SUBLIST:
+	    {
+		Sublist sl = (Sublist) n;
+
+		sl->left = (Pline) expandstruct((struct node *)sl->left,
+						N_PLINE);
+		sl->right = (Sublist) expandstruct((struct node *)sl->right,
+						   N_SUBLIST);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	case N_PLINE:
+	    {
+		Pline pl = (Pline) n;
+
+		pl->left = (Cmd) expandstruct((struct node *)pl->left,
+					      N_CMD);
+		pl->right = (Pline) expandstruct((struct node *)pl->right,
+						 N_PLINE);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	case N_CMD:
+	    {
+		Cmd c = (Cmd) n;
+
+		if (!c->args)
+		    c->args = newlinklist();
+		if (!c->vars)
+		    c->vars = newlinklist();
+		if (!c->redir)
+		    c->redir = newlinklist();
+
+		switch (c->type) {
+		case CFOR:
+		case CSELECT:
+		    c->u.list = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)c->u.list,
+						    N_FOR);
+		    break;
+		case CWHILE:
+		    c->u.list = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)c->u.list,
+						    N_WHILE);
+		    break;
+		case CIF:
+		    c->u.list = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)c->u.list,
+						    N_IF);
+		    break;
+		case CCASE:
+		    c->u.list = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)c->u.list,
+						    N_CASE);
+		    break;
+		case COND:
+		    c->u.list = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)c->u.list,
+						    N_COND);
+		    break;
+		case ZCTIME:
+		    c->u.list = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)c->u.list,
+						    N_SUBLIST);
+		    break;
+		case AUTOFN:
+		    c->u.list = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)c->u.list,
+						    N_AUTOFN);
+		    break;
+		default:
+		    c->u.list = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)c->u.list,
+						    N_LIST);
+		}
+	    }
+	    break;
+	case N_FOR:
+	    {
+		Forcmd f = (Forcmd) n;
+
+		f->list = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)f->list,
+					      N_LIST);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	case N_CASE:
+	    {
+		struct casecmd *c = (struct casecmd *)n;
+		List *l;
+
+		for (l = c->lists; *l; l++)
+		    *l = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)*l, N_LIST);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	case N_IF:
+	    {
+		struct ifcmd *i = (struct ifcmd *)n;
+		List *l;
+
+		for (l = i->ifls; *l; l++)
+		    *l = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)*l, N_LIST);
+		for (l = i->thenls; *l; l++)
+		    *l = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)*l, N_LIST);
+	    }
+	    break;
+	case N_WHILE:
+	    {
+		struct whilecmd *w = (struct whilecmd *)n;
+
+		w->cont = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)w->cont,
+					      N_LIST);
+		w->loop = (List) expandstruct((struct node *)w->loop,
+					      N_LIST);
+	    }
+	}
+
+    return n;
+}
+
+/* duplicate a syntax tree */
+
+/**/
+static void *
+dupstruct2(void *a)
+{
+    void **onodes, **nnodes, *ret, *n, *on;
+    int type, heap;
+    size_t nodeoffs;
+
+    if (!a || ((List) a) == &dummy_list)
+	return a;
+    type = *(int *)a;
+    ret = alloc(sizetab[NT_TYPE(type)]);
+    memcpy(ret, a, nodeoffs = offstab[NT_TYPE(type)]);
+    *(int*)ret = (type & ~NT_HEAP) | (useheap ? NT_HEAP : 0);
+    onodes = (void **) ((char *)a + nodeoffs);
+    nnodes = (void **) ((char *)ret + nodeoffs);
+    heap = type & NT_HEAP;
+    for (type = (type & 0xffff00) >> 4; (type >>= 4); *nnodes++ = n) {
+	if (!(on = *onodes++))
+	    n = NULL;
+	else {
+	    switch (type & 0xf) {
+	    case NT_NODE:
+		n = dupstruct2(on);
+		break;
+	    case NT_STR:
+		n = dupstring(on);
+		break;
+	    case NT_LIST | NT_NODE:
+		if (heap)
+		    if (useheap)
+			n =  duplist(on, (VFunc) dupstruct2);
+		    else
+			n = list2arr(on, (VFunc) dupstruct2);
+		else if (useheap)
+		    n = arr2list(on, (VFunc) dupstruct2);
+		else
+		    n = duparray(on, (VFunc) dupstruct2);
+		break;
+	    case NT_LIST | NT_STR:
+		if (heap)
+		    if (useheap)
+			n = duplist(on, (VFunc) dupstring);
+		    else
+			n = list2arr(on, (VFunc) ztrdup);
+		else if (useheap)
+		    n = arr2list(on, (VFunc) dupstring);
+		else
+		    n = duparray(on, (VFunc) ztrdup);
+		break;
+	    case NT_NODE | NT_ARR:
+		n = duparray(on, (VFunc) dupstruct2);
+		break;
+	    case NT_STR | NT_ARR:
+		n = duparray(on, (VFunc) (useheap ? dupstring : ztrdup));
+		break;
+	    default:
+		DPUTS(1, "BUG: bad node type in dupstruct2()");
+		abort();
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* free a syntax tree */
+
+/**/
+void
+freestruct(void *a)
+{
+    void **nodes, *n;
+    int type, size;
+
+    if (!a || ((List) a) == &dummy_list)
+	return;
+
+    type = * (int *) a;
+    nodes = (void **) ((char *)a + offstab[NT_TYPE(type)]);
+    size = sizetab[NT_TYPE(type)];
+    for (type = (type & 0xffff00) >> 4; (type >>= 4);) {
+	if ((n = *nodes++)) {
+	    switch (type & 0xf) {
+	    case NT_NODE:
+		freestruct(n);
+		break;
+	    case NT_STR:
+		zsfree((char *) n);
+		break;
+	    case NT_LIST | NT_NODE:
+	    case NT_NODE | NT_ARR:
+	    {
+		void **p = (void **) n;
+
+		while (*p)
+		    freestruct(*p++);
+		zfree(n, sizeof(void *) * (p + 1 - (void **) n));
+		break;
+	    }
+	    case NT_LIST | NT_STR:
+	    case NT_STR | NT_ARR:
+		freearray((char **) n);
+		break;
+	    default:
+		DPUTS(1, "BUG: bad node type in freenode()");
+		abort();
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    DPUTS(size != ((char *) nodes) - ((char *) a),
+	"BUG: size wrong in freenode()");
+    zfree(a, size);
+}
+
+/**/
+static LinkList
+duplist(LinkList l, VFunc func)
+{
+    LinkList ret;
+    LinkNode node;
+
+    ret = newlinklist();
+    for (node = firstnode(l); node; incnode(node))
+	addlinknode(ret, func(getdata(node)));
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/**/
+static char **
+duparray(char **arr, VFunc func)
+{
+    char **ret, **rr;
+
+    ret = (char **) alloc((arrlen(arr) + 1) * sizeof(char *));
+    for (rr = ret; *arr;)
+	*rr++ = (char *)func(*arr++);
+    *rr = NULL;
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/**/
+static char **
+list2arr(LinkList l, VFunc func)
+{
+    char **arr, **r;
+    LinkNode n;
+
+    arr = r = (char **) alloc((countlinknodes(l) + 1) * sizeof(char *));
+
+    for (n = firstnode(l); n; incnode(n))
+	*r++ = (char *)func(getdata(n));
+    *r = NULL;
+
+    return arr;
+}
+
+/**/
+static LinkList
+arr2list(char **arr, VFunc func)
+{
+    LinkList l = newlinklist();
+
+    while (*arr)
+	addlinknode(l, func(*arr++));
+
+    return l;
+}
+
+/**/
+char **
+mkarray(char *s)
+{
+    char **t = (char **) zalloc((s) ? (2 * sizeof s) : (sizeof s));
+
+    if ((*t = s))
+	t[1] = NULL;
+    return t;
+}
+
+/**/
+void
+beep(void)
+{
+    if (isset(BEEP))
+	write(SHTTY, "\07", 1);
+}
+
+/**/
+void
+freearray(char **s)
+{
+    char **t = s;
+
+    while (*s)
+	zsfree(*s++);
+    free(t);
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+equalsplit(char *s, char **t)
+{
+    for (; *s && *s != '='; s++);
+    if (*s == '=') {
+	*s++ = '\0';
+	*t = s;
+	return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* see if the right side of a list is trivial */
+
+/**/
+void
+simplifyright(List l)
+{
+    Cmd c;
+
+    if (l == &dummy_list || !l->right)
+	return;
+    if (l->right->right || l->right->left->right ||
+	l->right->left->flags || l->right->left->left->right ||
+	l->left->flags)
+	return;
+    c = l->left->left->left;
+    if (c->type != SIMPLE || nonempty(c->args) || nonempty(c->redir)
+	|| nonempty(c->vars))
+	return;
+    l->right = NULL;
+    return;
+}
+
+/* the ztypes table */
+
+/**/
+short int typtab[256];
+
+/* initialize the ztypes table */
+
+/**/
+void
+inittyptab(void)
+{
+    int t0;
+    char *s;
+
+    for (t0 = 0; t0 != 256; t0++)
+	typtab[t0] = 0;
+    for (t0 = 0; t0 != 32; t0++)
+	typtab[t0] = typtab[t0 + 128] = ICNTRL;
+    typtab[127] = ICNTRL;
+    for (t0 = '0'; t0 <= '9'; t0++)
+	typtab[t0] = IDIGIT | IALNUM | IWORD | IIDENT | IUSER;
+    for (t0 = 'a'; t0 <= 'z'; t0++)
+	typtab[t0] = typtab[t0 - 'a' + 'A'] = IALPHA | IALNUM | IIDENT | IUSER | IWORD;
+    for (t0 = 0240; t0 != 0400; t0++)
+	typtab[t0] = IALPHA | IALNUM | IIDENT | IUSER | IWORD;
+    typtab['_'] = IIDENT | IUSER;
+    typtab['-'] = IUSER;
+    typtab[' '] |= IBLANK | INBLANK;
+    typtab['\t'] |= IBLANK | INBLANK;
+    typtab['\n'] |= INBLANK;
+    typtab['\0'] |= IMETA;
+    typtab[STOUC(Meta)  ] |= IMETA;
+    typtab[STOUC(Marker)] |= IMETA;
+    for (t0 = (int)STOUC(Pound); t0 <= (int)STOUC(Nularg); t0++)
+	typtab[t0] |= ITOK | IMETA;
+    for (s = ifs ? ifs : DEFAULT_IFS; *s; s++) {
+	if (inblank(*s))
+	    if (s[1] == *s)
+		s++;
+	    else
+		typtab[STOUC(*s)] |= IWSEP;
+	typtab[STOUC(*s == Meta ? *++s ^ 32 : *s)] |= ISEP;
+    }
+    for (s = wordchars ? wordchars : DEFAULT_WORDCHARS; *s; s++)
+	typtab[STOUC(*s == Meta ? *++s ^ 32 : *s)] |= IWORD;
+    for (s = SPECCHARS; *s; s++)
+	typtab[STOUC(*s)] |= ISPECIAL;
+    if (isset(BANGHIST) && bangchar && interact && isset(SHINSTDIN))
+	typtab[bangchar] |= ISPECIAL;
+}
+
+/**/
+char **
+arrdup(char **s)
+{
+    char **x, **y;
+
+    y = x = (char **) ncalloc(sizeof(char *) * (arrlen(s) + 1));
+
+    while ((*x++ = dupstring(*s++)));
+    return y;
+}
+
+/**/
+static char *
+spname(char *oldname)
+{
+    char *p, spnameguess[PATH_MAX + 1], spnamebest[PATH_MAX + 1];
+    static char newname[PATH_MAX + 1];
+    char *new = newname, *old;
+    int bestdist = 200, thisdist;
+
+    old = oldname;
+    for (;;) {
+	while (*old == '/')
+	    *new++ = *old++;
+	*new = '\0';
+	if (*old == '\0')
+	    return newname;
+	p = spnameguess;
+	for (; *old != '/' && *old != '\0'; old++)
+	    if (p < spnameguess + PATH_MAX)
+		*p++ = *old;
+	*p = '\0';
+	if ((thisdist = mindist(newname, spnameguess, spnamebest)) >= 3) {
+	    if (bestdist < 3) {
+		strcpy(new, spnameguess);
+		strcat(new, old);
+		return newname;
+	    } else
+	    	return NULL;
+	} else
+	    bestdist = thisdist;
+	for (p = spnamebest; (*new = *p++);)
+	    new++;
+    }
+}
+
+/**/
+static int
+mindist(char *dir, char *mindistguess, char *mindistbest)
+{
+    int mindistd, nd;
+    DIR *dd;
+    char *fn;
+    char buf[PATH_MAX];
+
+    if (dir[0] == '\0')
+	dir = ".";
+    mindistd = 100;
+    sprintf(buf, "%s/%s", dir, mindistguess);
+    if (access(unmeta(buf), F_OK) == 0) {
+	strcpy(mindistbest, mindistguess);
+	return 0;
+    }
+    if (!(dd = opendir(unmeta(dir))))
+	return mindistd;
+    while ((fn = zreaddir(dd, 0))) {
+	nd = spdist(fn, mindistguess,
+		    (int)strlen(mindistguess) / 4 + 1);
+	if (nd <= mindistd) {
+	    strcpy(mindistbest, fn);
+	    mindistd = nd;
+	    if (mindistd == 0)
+		break;
+	}
+    }
+    closedir(dd);
+    return mindistd;
+}
+
+/**/
+static int
+spdist(char *s, char *t, int thresh)
+{
+    char *p, *q;
+    char *keymap =
+    "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\
+\t1234567890-=\t\
+\tqwertyuiop[]\t\
+\tasdfghjkl;'\n\t\
+\tzxcvbnm,./\t\t\t\
+\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\
+\t!@#$%^&*()_+\t\
+\tQWERTYUIOP{}\t\
+\tASDFGHJKL:\"\n\t\
+\tZXCVBNM<>?\n\n\t\
+\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n";
+
+    if (!strcmp(s, t))
+	return 0;
+/* any number of upper/lower mistakes allowed (dist = 1) */
+    for (p = s, q = t; *p && tulower(*p) == tulower(*q); p++, q++);
+    if (!*p && !*q)
+	return 1;
+    if (!thresh)
+	return 200;
+    for (p = s, q = t; *p && *q; p++, q++)
+	if (*p == *q)
+	    continue;		/* don't consider "aa" transposed, ash */
+	else if (p[1] == q[0] && q[1] == p[0])	/* transpositions */
+	    return spdist(p + 2, q + 2, thresh - 1) + 1;
+	else if (p[1] == q[0])	/* missing letter */
+	    return spdist(p + 1, q + 0, thresh - 1) + 2;
+	else if (p[0] == q[1])	/* missing letter */
+	    return spdist(p + 0, q + 1, thresh - 1) + 2;
+	else if (*p != *q)
+	    break;
+    if ((!*p && strlen(q) == 1) || (!*q && strlen(p) == 1))
+	return 2;
+    for (p = s, q = t; *p && *q; p++, q++)
+	if (p[0] != q[0] && p[1] == q[1]) {
+	    int t0;
+	    char *z;
+
+	/* mistyped letter */
+
+	    if (!(z = strchr(keymap, p[0])) || *z == '\n' || *z == '\t')
+		return spdist(p + 1, q + 1, thresh - 1) + 1;
+	    t0 = z - keymap;
+	    if (*q == keymap[t0 - 15] || *q == keymap[t0 - 14] ||
+		*q == keymap[t0 - 13] ||
+		*q == keymap[t0 - 1] || *q == keymap[t0 + 1] ||
+		*q == keymap[t0 + 13] || *q == keymap[t0 + 14] ||
+		*q == keymap[t0 + 15])
+		return spdist(p + 1, q + 1, thresh - 1) + 2;
+	    return 200;
+	} else if (*p != *q)
+	    break;
+    return 200;
+}
+
+/* set cbreak mode, or the equivalent */
+
+/**/
+void
+setcbreak(void)
+{
+    struct ttyinfo ti;
+
+    ti = shttyinfo;
+#ifdef HAS_TIO
+    ti.tio.c_lflag &= ~ICANON;
+    ti.tio.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;
+    ti.tio.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
+#else
+    ti.sgttyb.sg_flags |= CBREAK;
+#endif
+    settyinfo(&ti);
+}
+
+/* give the tty to some process */
+
+/**/
+void
+attachtty(pid_t pgrp)
+{
+    static int ep = 0;
+
+    if (jobbing) {
+#ifdef HAVE_TCSETPGRP
+	if (SHTTY != -1 && tcsetpgrp(SHTTY, pgrp) == -1 && !ep)
+#else
+# if ardent
+	if (SHTTY != -1 && setpgrp() == -1 && !ep)
+# else
+	int arg = pgrp;
+
+	if (SHTTY != -1 && ioctl(SHTTY, TIOCSPGRP, &arg) == -1 && !ep)
+# endif
+#endif
+	{
+	    if (pgrp != mypgrp && kill(pgrp, 0) == -1)
+		attachtty(mypgrp);
+	    else {
+		if (errno != ENOTTY)
+		{
+		    zerr("can't set tty pgrp: %e", NULL, errno);
+		    fflush(stderr);
+		}
+		opts[MONITOR] = 0;
+		ep = 1;
+		errflag = 0;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+}
+
+/* get the process group associated with the tty */
+
+/**/
+pid_t
+gettygrp(void)
+{
+    pid_t arg;
+
+    if (SHTTY == -1)
+	return -1;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_TCSETPGRP
+    arg = tcgetpgrp(SHTTY);
+#else
+    ioctl(SHTTY, TIOCGPGRP, &arg);
+#endif
+
+    return arg;
+}
+
+/* Return the output baudrate */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELECT
+/**/
+long
+getbaudrate(struct ttyinfo *shttyinfo)
+{
+    long speedcode;
+
+#ifdef HAS_TIO
+# if defined(HAVE_TCGETATTR) && defined(HAVE_TERMIOS_H)
+    speedcode = cfgetospeed(&shttyinfo->tio);
+# else
+    speedcode = shttyinfo->tio.c_cflag & CBAUD;
+# endif
+#else
+    speedcode = shttyinfo->sgttyb.sg_ospeed;
+#endif
+
+    switch (speedcode) {
+    case B0:
+	return (0L);
+    case B50:
+	return (50L);
+    case B75:
+	return (75L);
+    case B110:
+	return (110L);
+    case B134:
+	return (134L);
+    case B150:
+	return (150L);
+    case B200:
+	return (200L);
+    case B300:
+	return (300L);
+    case B600:
+	return (600L);
+#ifdef _B900
+    case _B900:
+	return (900L);
+#endif
+    case B1200:
+	return (1200L);
+    case B1800:
+	return (1800L);
+    case B2400:
+	return (2400L);
+#ifdef _B3600
+    case _B3600:
+	return (3600L);
+#endif
+    case B4800:
+	return (4800L);
+#ifdef _B7200
+    case _B7200:
+	return (7200L);
+#endif
+    case B9600:
+	return (9600L);
+#ifdef B19200
+    case B19200:
+	return (19200L);
+#else
+# ifdef EXTA
+    case EXTA:
+	return (19200L);
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifdef B38400
+    case B38400:
+	return (38400L);
+#else
+# ifdef EXTB
+    case EXTB:
+	return (38400L);
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifdef B57600
+    case B57600:
+	return (57600L);
+#endif
+#ifdef B115200
+    case B115200:
+	return (115200L);
+#endif
+#ifdef B230400
+    case B230400:
+	return (230400L);
+#endif
+#ifdef B460800
+    case B460800:
+	return (460800L);
+#endif
+    default:
+	if (speedcode >= 100)
+	    return speedcode;
+	break;
+    }
+    return (0L);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Escape tokens and null characters.  Buf is the string which should be     *
+ * escaped.  len is the length of the string.  If len is -1, buf should be   *
+ * null terminated.  If len is non-negative and the third paramerer is not   *
+ * META_DUP, buf should point to an at least len+1 long memory area.  The    *
+ * return value points to the quoted string.  If the given string does not   *
+ * contain any special character which should be quoted and the third        *
+ * parameter is not META_(HEAP|)DUP, buf is returned unchanged (a            *
+ * terminating null character is appended to buf if necessary).  Otherwise   *
+ * the third `heap' argument determines the method used to allocate space    *
+ * for the result.  It can have the following values:                        *
+ *   META_REALLOC:  use zrealloc on buf                                      *
+ *   META_HREALLOC: use hrealloc on buf                                      *
+ *   META_USEHEAP:  get memory from the heap.  This leaves buf unchanged.    *
+ *   META_NOALLOC:  buf points to a memory area which is long enough to hold *
+ *                  the quoted form, just quote it and return buf.           *
+ *   META_STATIC:   store the quoted string in a static area.  The original  *
+ *                  sting should be at most PATH_MAX long.                   *
+ *   META_ALLOC:    allocate memory for the new string with zalloc().        *
+ *   META_DUP:      leave buf unchanged and allocate space for the return    *
+ *                  value even if buf does not contains special characters   *
+ *   META_HEAPDUP:  same as META_DUP, but uses the heap                      */
+
+/**/
+char *
+metafy(char *buf, int len, int heap)
+{
+    int meta = 0;
+    char *t, *p, *e;
+    static char mbuf[PATH_MAX*2+1];
+
+    if (len == -1) {
+	for (e = buf, len = 0; *e; len++)
+	    if (imeta(*e++))
+		meta++;
+    } else
+	for (e = buf; e < buf + len;)
+	    if (imeta(*e++))
+		meta++;
+
+    if (meta || heap == META_DUP || heap == META_HEAPDUP) {
+	switch (heap) {
+	case META_REALLOC:
+	    buf = zrealloc(buf, len + meta + 1);
+	    break;
+	case META_HREALLOC:
+	    buf = hrealloc(buf, len, len + meta + 1);
+	    break;
+	case META_ALLOC:
+	case META_DUP:
+	    buf = memcpy(zalloc(len + meta + 1), buf, len);
+	    break;
+	case META_USEHEAP:
+	case META_HEAPDUP:
+	    buf = memcpy(halloc(len + meta + 1), buf, len);
+	    break;
+	case META_STATIC:
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	    if (len > PATH_MAX) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "BUG: len = %d > PATH_MAX in metafy\n", len);
+		fflush(stderr);
+	    }
+#endif
+	    buf = memcpy(mbuf, buf, len);
+	    break;
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	case META_NOALLOC:
+	    break;
+	default:
+	    fprintf(stderr, "BUG: metafy called with invaild heap value\n");
+	    fflush(stderr);
+	    break;
+#endif
+	}
+	p = buf + len;
+	e = t = buf + len + meta;
+	while (meta) {
+	    if (imeta(*--t = *--p)) {
+		*t-- ^= 32;
+		*t = Meta;
+		meta--;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    *e = '\0';
+    return buf;
+}
+
+/**/
+char *
+unmetafy(char *s, int *len)
+{
+    char *p, *t;
+
+    for (p = s; *p && *p != Meta; p++);
+    for (t = p; (*t = *p++);)
+	if (*t++ == Meta)
+	    t[-1] = *p++ ^ 32;
+    if (len)
+	*len = t - s;
+    return s;
+}
+
+/* Return the character length of a metafied substring, given the      *
+ * unmetafied substring length.                                        */
+
+/**/
+int
+metalen(const char *s, int len)
+{
+    int mlen = len;
+
+    while (len--) {
+	if (*s++ == Meta) {
+	    mlen++;
+	    s++;
+	}
+    }
+    return mlen;
+}
+
+/* This function converts a zsh internal string to a form which can be *
+ * passed to a system call as a filename.  The result is stored in a   *
+ * single static area.  NULL returned if the result is longer than     *
+ * 4 * PATH_MAX.                                                       */
+
+/**/
+char *
+unmeta(const char *file_name)
+{
+    static char fn[4 * PATH_MAX];
+    char *p;
+    const char *t;
+
+    for (t = file_name, p = fn; *t && p < fn + 4 * PATH_MAX - 1; p++)
+	if ((*p = *t++) == Meta)
+	    *p = *t++ ^ 32;
+    if (*t)
+	return NULL;
+    if (p - fn == t - file_name)
+	return (char *) file_name;
+    *p = '\0';
+    return fn;
+}
+
+/* Unmetafy and compare two strings, with unsigned characters. *
+ * "a\0" sorts after "a".                                      */
+
+/**/
+int
+ztrcmp(unsigned char const *s1, unsigned char const *s2)
+{
+    int c1, c2;
+
+    while(*s1 && *s1 == *s2) {
+	s1++;
+	s2++;
+    }
+
+    if(!(c1 = *s1))
+	c1 = -1;
+    else if(c1 == STOUC(Meta))
+	c1 = *++s1 ^ 32;
+    if(!(c2 = *s2))
+	c2 = -1;
+    else if(c2 == STOUC(Meta))
+	c2 = *++s2 ^ 32;
+
+    if(c1 == c2)
+	return 0;
+    else if(c1 < c2)
+	return -1;
+    else
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/* Return zero if the metafied string s and the non-metafied,  *
+ * len-long string r are the same.  Return -1 if r is a prefix *
+ * of s.  Return 1 if r is the lowercase version of s.  Return *
+ * 2 is r is the lowercase prefix of s and return 3 otherwise. */
+
+/**/
+int
+metadiffer(char const *s, char const *r, int len)
+{
+    int l = len;
+
+    while (l-- && *s && *r++ == (*s == Meta ? *++s ^ 32 : *s))
+	s++;
+    if (*s && l < 0)
+	return -1;
+    if (l < 0)
+	return 0;
+    if (!*s)
+	return 3;
+    s -= len - l - 1;
+    r -= len - l;
+    while (len-- && *s && *r++ == tulower(*s == Meta ? *++s ^ 32 : *s))
+	s++;
+    if (*s && len < 0)
+	return 2;
+    if (len < 0)
+	return 1;
+    return 3;
+}
+
+/* Return the unmetafied length of a metafied string. */
+
+/**/
+int
+ztrlen(char const *s)
+{
+    int l;
+
+    for (l = 0; *s; l++)
+	if (*s++ == Meta) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	    if (! *s)
+		fprintf(stderr, "BUG: unexpected end of string in ztrlen()\n");
+	    else
+#endif
+	    s++;
+	}
+    return l;
+}
+
+/* Subtract two pointers in a metafied string. */
+
+/**/
+int
+ztrsub(char const *t, char const *s)
+{
+    int l = t - s;
+
+    while (s != t)
+	if (*s++ == Meta) {
+#ifdef DEBUG
+	    if (! *s || s == t)
+		fprintf(stderr, "BUG: substring ends in the middle of a metachar in ztrsub()\n");
+	    else
+#endif
+	    s++;
+	    l--;
+	}
+    return l;
+}
+
+/**/
+char *
+zreaddir(DIR *dir, int ignoredots)
+{
+    struct dirent *de;
+
+    do {
+	de = readdir(dir);
+	if(!de)
+	    return NULL;
+    } while(ignoredots && de->d_name[0] == '.' &&
+	(!de->d_name[1] || (de->d_name[1] == '.' && !de->d_name[2])));
+
+    return metafy(de->d_name, -1, META_STATIC);
+}
+
+/* Unmetafy and output a string.  Tokens are skipped. */
+
+/**/
+int
+zputs(char const *s, FILE *stream)
+{
+    int c;
+
+    while (*s) {
+	if (*s == Meta)
+	    c = *++s ^ 32;
+	else if(itok(*s)) {
+	    s++;
+	    continue;
+	} else
+	    c = *s;
+	s++;
+	if (fputc(c, stream) < 0)
+	    return EOF;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Create a visibly-represented duplicate of a string. */
+
+/**/
+char *
+niceztrdup(char const *s)
+{
+    int c, len = strlen(s) * 5;
+    char *buf = zalloc(len);
+    char *p = buf, *n, *ret;
+
+    while ((c = *s++)) {
+	if (itok(c))
+	    if (c <= Comma)
+		c = ztokens[c - Pound];
+	    else 
+		continue;
+	if (c == Meta)
+	    c = *s++ ^ 32;
+	n = nicechar(c);
+	while(*n)
+	    *p++ = *n++;
+    }
+    ret = metafy(buf, p - buf, META_DUP);
+    zfree(buf, len);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* Unmetafy and output a string, displaying special characters readably. */
+
+/**/
+int
+nicezputs(char const *s, FILE *stream)
+{
+    int c;
+
+    while ((c = *s++)) {
+	if (itok(c))
+	    if (c <= Comma)
+		c = ztokens[c - Pound];
+	    else 
+		continue;
+	if (c == Meta)
+	    c = *s++ ^ 32;
+	if(fputs(nicechar(c), stream) < 0)
+	    return EOF;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Return the length of the visible representation of a metafied string. */
+
+/**/
+size_t
+niceztrlen(char const *s)
+{
+    size_t l = 0;
+    int c;
+
+    while ((c = *s++)) {
+	if (itok(c))
+	    if (c <= Comma)
+		c = ztokens[c - Pound];
+	    else 
+		continue;
+	if (c == Meta)
+	    c = *s++ ^ 32;
+	l += strlen(nicechar(STOUC(c)));
+    }
+    return l;
+}
+
+/* check for special characters in the string */
+
+/**/
+int
+hasspecial(char const *s)
+{
+    for (; *s; s++)
+	if (ispecial(*s == Meta ? *++s ^ 32 : *s))
+	    return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Unmetafy and output a string, quoted if it contains special characters. */
+
+/**/
+int
+quotedzputs(char const *s, FILE *stream)
+{
+    int inquote = 0, c;
+
+    /* check for empty string */
+    if(!*s)
+	return fputs("''", stream);
+
+    if (!hasspecial(s))
+	return zputs(s, stream);
+
+    if (isset(RCQUOTES)) {
+	/* use rc-style quotes-within-quotes for the whole string */
+	if(fputc('\'', stream) < 0)
+	    return EOF;
+	while(*s) {
+	    if (*s == Meta)
+		c = *++s ^ 32;
+	    else
+		c = *s;
+	    s++;
+	    if (c == '\'') {
+		if(fputc('\'', stream) < 0)
+		    return EOF;
+	    } else if(c == '\n' && isset(CSHJUNKIEQUOTES)) {
+		if(fputc('\\', stream) < 0)
+		    return EOF;
+	    }
+	    if(fputc(c, stream) < 0)
+		return EOF;
+	}
+	if(fputc('\'', stream) < 0)
+	    return EOF;
+    } else {
+	/* use Bourne-style quoting, avoiding empty quoted strings */
+	while(*s) {
+	    if (*s == Meta)
+		c = *++s ^ 32;
+	    else
+		c = *s;
+	    s++;
+	    if (c == '\'') {
+		if(inquote) {
+		    if(fputc('\'', stream) < 0)
+			return EOF;
+		    inquote=0;
+		}
+		if(fputs("\\'", stream) < 0)
+		    return EOF;
+	    } else {
+		if (!inquote) {
+		    if(fputc('\'', stream) < 0)
+			return EOF;
+		    inquote=1;
+		}
+		if(c == '\n' && isset(CSHJUNKIEQUOTES)) {
+		    if(fputc('\\', stream) < 0)
+			return EOF;
+		}
+		if(fputc(c, stream) < 0)
+		    return EOF;
+	    }
+	}
+	if (inquote) {
+	    if(fputc('\'', stream) < 0)
+		return EOF;
+	}
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Double-quote a metafied string. */
+
+/**/
+char *
+dquotedztrdup(char const *s)
+{
+    int len = strlen(s) * 4 + 2;
+    char *buf = zalloc(len);
+    char *p = buf, *ret;
+
+    if(isset(CSHJUNKIEQUOTES)) {
+	int inquote = 0;
+
+	while(*s) {
+	    int c = *s++;
+
+	    if (c == Meta)
+		c = *s++ ^ 32;
+	    switch(c) {
+		case '"':
+		case '$':
+		case '`':
+		    if(inquote) {
+			*p++ = '"';
+			inquote = 0;
+		    }
+		    *p++ = '\\';
+		    *p++ = c;
+		    break;
+		default:
+		    if(!inquote) {
+			*p++ = '"';
+			inquote = 1;
+		    }
+		    if(c == '\n')
+			*p++ = '\\';
+		    *p++ = c;
+		    break;
+	    }
+	}
+	if (inquote)
+	    *p++ = '"';
+    } else {
+	int pending = 0;
+
+	*p++ = '"';
+	while(*s) {
+	    int c = *s++;
+
+	    if (c == Meta)
+		c = *s++ ^ 32;
+	    switch(c) {
+		case '\\':
+		    if(pending)
+			*p++ = '\\';
+		    *p++ = '\\';
+		    pending = 1;
+		    break;
+		case '"':
+		case '$':
+		case '`':
+		    if(pending)
+			*p++ = '\\';
+		    *p++ = '\\';
+		    /* fall through */
+		default:
+		    *p++ = c;
+		    pending = 0;
+		    break;
+	    }
+	}
+	if(pending)
+	    *p++ = '\\';
+	*p++ = '"';
+    }
+    ret = metafy(buf, p - buf, META_DUP);
+    zfree(buf, len);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+#if 0
+/* Unmetafy and output a string, double quoting it in its entirety. */
+
+/**/
+int
+dquotedzputs(char const *s, FILE *stream)
+{
+    char *d = dquotedztrdup(s);
+    int ret = zputs(d, stream);
+
+    zsfree(d);
+    return ret;
+}
+#endif
+
+/**/
+char *
+getkeystring(char *s, int *len, int fromwhere, int *misc)
+{
+    char *buf;
+    char *t, *u = NULL;
+    char svchar = '\0';
+    int meta = 0, control = 0;
+
+    if (fromwhere != 4)
+	buf = halloc(strlen(s) + 1);
+    else {
+	buf = s;
+	s += 2;
+    }
+    for (t = buf; *s; s++) {
+	if (*s == '\\' && s[1]) {
+	    switch (*++s) {
+	    case 'a':
+#ifdef __STDC__
+		*t++ = '\a';
+#else
+		*t++ = '\07';
+#endif
+		break;
+	    case 'n':
+		*t++ = '\n';
+		break;
+	    case 'b':
+		*t++ = '\b';
+		break;
+	    case 't':
+		*t++ = '\t';
+		break;
+	    case 'v':
+		*t++ = '\v';
+		break;
+	    case 'f':
+		*t++ = '\f';
+		break;
+	    case 'r':
+		*t++ = '\r';
+		break;
+	    case 'E':
+		if (!fromwhere) {
+		    *t++ = '\\', s--;
+		    continue;
+		}
+	    case 'e':
+		*t++ = '\033';
+		break;
+	    case 'M':
+		if (fromwhere) {
+		    if (s[1] == '-')
+			s++;
+		    meta = 1 + control;	/* preserve the order of ^ and meta */
+		} else
+		    *t++ = '\\', s--;
+		continue;
+	    case 'C':
+		if (fromwhere) {
+		    if (s[1] == '-')
+			s++;
+		    control = 1;
+		} else
+		    *t++ = '\\', s--;
+		continue;
+	    case Meta:
+		*t++ = '\\', s--;
+		break;
+	    case 'c':
+		if (fromwhere < 2) {
+		    *misc = 1;
+		    break;
+		}
+	    default:
+		if ((idigit(*s) && *s < '8') || *s == 'x') {
+		    if (!fromwhere)
+			if (*s == '0')
+			    s++;
+			else if (*s != 'x') {
+			    *t++ = '\\', s--;
+			    continue;
+			}
+		    if (s[1] && s[2] && s[3]) {
+			svchar = s[3];
+			s[3] = '\0';
+			u = s;
+		    }
+		    *t++ = zstrtol(s + (*s == 'x'), &s,
+				   (*s == 'x') ? 16 : 8);
+		    if (svchar) {
+			u[3] = svchar;
+			svchar = '\0';
+		    }
+		    s--;
+		} else {
+		    if (!fromwhere && *s != '\\')
+			*t++ = '\\';
+		    *t++ = *s;
+		}
+		break;
+	    }
+	} else if (fromwhere == 4 && *s == Snull) {
+	    for (u = t; (*u++ = *s++););
+	    return t + 1;
+	} else if (*s == '^' && fromwhere == 2) {
+	    control = 1;
+	    continue;
+	} else if (*s == Meta)
+	    *t++ = *++s ^ 32;
+	else
+	    *t++ = *s;
+	if (meta == 2) {
+	    t[-1] |= 0x80;
+	    meta = 0;
+	}
+	if (control) {
+	    if (t[-1] == '?')
+		t[-1] = 0x7f;
+	    else
+		t[-1] &= 0x9f;
+	    control = 0;
+	}
+	if (meta) {
+	    t[-1] |= 0x80;
+	    meta = 0;
+	}
+	if (fromwhere == 4 && imeta(t[-1])) {
+	    *t = t[-1] ^ 32;
+	    t[-1] = Meta;
+	    t++;
+	}
+    }
+    DPUTS(fromwhere == 4, "BUG: unterminated $' substitution");
+    *t = '\0';
+    *len = t - buf;
+    return buf;
+}
+
+/* Return non-zero if s is a prefix of t. */
+
+/**/
+int
+strpfx(char *s, char *t)
+{
+    while (*s && *s == *t)
+	s++, t++;
+    return !*s;
+}
+
+/* Return non-zero if s is a suffix of t. */
+
+/**/
+int
+strsfx(char *s, char *t)
+{
+    int ls = strlen(s), lt = strlen(t);
+
+    if (ls <= lt)
+	return !strcmp(t + lt - ls, s);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/**/
+char *
+dupstrpfx(const char *s, int len)
+{
+    char *r = ncalloc(len + 1);
+
+    memcpy(r, s, len);
+    r[len] = '\0';
+    return r;
+}
+
+/**/
+char *
+ztrduppfx(const char *s, int len)
+{
+    char *r = zalloc(len + 1);
+
+    memcpy(r, s, len);
+    r[len] = '\0';
+    return r;
+}
+
+/* Append a string to an allocated string, reallocating to make room. */
+
+/**/
+char *
+appstr(char *base, char const *append)
+{
+    return strcat(realloc(base, strlen(base) + strlen(append) + 1), append);
+}
+
+/**/
+static int
+upchdir(int n)
+{
+    char buf[PATH_MAX];
+    char *s;
+    int err = -1;
+
+    while (n > 0) {
+	for (s = buf; s < buf + PATH_MAX - 4 && n--; )
+	    *s++ = '.', *s++ = '.', *s++ = '/';
+	s[-1] = '\0';
+	if (chdir(buf))
+	    return err;
+	err = -2;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Change directory, without following symlinks.  Returns 0 on success, -1 *
+ * on failure.  Sets errno to ENOTDIR if any symlinks are encountered.  If *
+ * fchdir() fails, or the current directory is unreadable, we might end up *
+ * in an unwanted directory in case of failure.                            */
+
+/**/
+int
+lchdir(char const *path, struct dirsav *d, int hard)
+{
+    char const *pptr;
+    int level;
+    struct stat st1;
+    struct dirsav ds;
+#ifdef HAVE_LSTAT
+    char buf[PATH_MAX + 1], *ptr;
+    int err;
+    struct stat st2;
+#endif
+
+    if (!d) {
+	ds.ino = ds.dev = 0;
+	ds.dirname = NULL;
+	ds.dirfd = -1;
+	d = &ds;
+    }
+#ifdef HAVE_LSTAT
+    if ((*path == '/' || !hard) &&
+	(d != &ds || hard)){
+#else
+    if (*path == '/') {
+#endif
+	level = -1;
+#ifdef HAVE_FCHDIR
+	if (d->dirfd < 0 && (d->dirfd = open(".", O_RDONLY | O_NOCTTY)) < 0 &&
+	    zgetdir(d) && *d->dirname != '/')
+	    d->dirfd = open("..", O_RDONLY | O_NOCTTY);
+#else
+	if (!d->dirname)
+	    zgetdir(d);
+#endif
+    } else {
+	level = 0;
+	if (!d->dev && !d->ino) {
+	    stat(".", &st1);
+	    d->dev = st1.st_dev;
+	    d->ino = st1.st_ino;
+	}
+    }
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LSTAT
+    if (!hard)
+#endif
+    {
+	if (d != &ds) {
+	    for (pptr = path; *pptr; level++) {
+		while (*pptr && *pptr++ != '/');
+		while (*pptr == '/')
+		    pptr++;
+	    }
+	    d->level = level;
+	}
+	return zchdir((char *) path);
+    }
+#ifdef HAVE_LSTAT
+    if (*path == '/')
+	chdir("/");
+    for(;;) {
+	while(*path == '/')
+	    path++;
+	if(!*path) {
+	    if (d == &ds) {
+		zsfree(ds.dirname);
+		if (ds.dirfd >=0)
+		    close(ds.dirfd);
+	    } else
+		d->level = level;
+	    return 0;
+	}
+	for(pptr = path; *++pptr && *pptr != '/'; ) ;
+	if(pptr - path > PATH_MAX) {
+	    err = ENAMETOOLONG;
+	    break;
+	}
+	for(ptr = buf; path != pptr; )
+	    *ptr++ = *path++;
+	*ptr = 0;
+	if(lstat(buf, &st1)) {
+	    err = errno;
+	    break;
+	}
+	if(!S_ISDIR(st1.st_mode)) {
+	    err = ENOTDIR;
+	    break;
+	}
+	if(chdir(buf)) {
+	    err = errno;
+	    break;
+	}
+	if (level >= 0)
+	    level++;
+	if(lstat(".", &st2)) {
+	    err = errno;
+	    break;
+	}
+	if(st1.st_dev != st2.st_dev || st1.st_ino != st2.st_ino) {
+	    err = ENOTDIR;
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+    if (restoredir(d)) {
+	if (d == &ds) {
+	    zsfree(ds.dirname);
+	    if (ds.dirfd >=0)
+		close(ds.dirfd);
+	}
+	errno = err;
+	return -2;
+    }
+    if (d == &ds) {
+	zsfree(ds.dirname);
+	if (ds.dirfd >=0)
+	    close(ds.dirfd);
+    }
+    errno = err;
+    return -1;
+#endif /* HAVE_LSTAT */
+}
+
+/**/
+int
+restoredir(struct dirsav *d)
+{
+    int err = 0;
+    struct stat sbuf;
+
+    if (d->dirname && *d->dirname == '/')
+	return chdir(d->dirname);
+#ifdef HAVE_FCHDIR
+    if (d->dirfd >= 0) {
+	if (!fchdir(d->dirfd)) {
+	    if (!d->dirname) {
+		return 0;
+	    } else if (chdir(d->dirname)) {
+		close(d->dirfd);
+		d->dirfd = -1;
+		err = -2;
+	    }
+	} else {
+	    close(d->dirfd);
+	    d->dirfd = err = -1;
+	}
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (d->level > 0)
+	err = upchdir(d->level);
+    else if (d->level < 0)
+	err = -1;
+    if (d->dev || d->ino) {
+	stat(".", &sbuf);
+	if (sbuf.st_ino != d->ino || sbuf.st_dev != d->dev)
+	    err = -2;
+    }
+    return err;
+}
+
+/* Get a signal number from a string */
+
+/**/
+int
+getsignum(char *s)
+{
+    int x, i;
+
+    /* check for a signal specified by number */
+    x = atoi(s);
+    if (idigit(*s) && x >= 0 && x < VSIGCOUNT)
+	return x;
+
+    /* search for signal by name */
+    for (i = 0; i < VSIGCOUNT; i++)
+	if (!strcmp(s, sigs[i]))
+	    return i;
+
+    /* no matching signal */
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* Check whether the shell is running with privileges in effect.  *
+ * This is the case if EITHER the euid is zero, OR (if the system *
+ * supports POSIX.1e (POSIX.6) capability sets) the process'      *
+ * Effective or Inheritable capability sets are non-empty.        */
+
+/**/
+int
+privasserted(void)
+{
+    if(!geteuid())
+	return 1;
+#ifdef HAVE_CAP_GET_PROC
+    {
+	cap_t caps = cap_get_proc();
+	if(caps) {
+	    /* POSIX doesn't define a way to test whether a capability set *
+	     * is empty or not.  Typical.  I hope this is conforming...    */
+	    cap_flag_value_t val;
+	    cap_value_t n;
+	    for(n = 0; !cap_get_flag(caps, n, CAP_EFFECTIVE, &val); n++)
+		if(val ||
+		   (!cap_get_flag(caps, n, CAP_INHERITABLE, &val) && val)) {
+		    cap_free(&caps);
+		    return 1;
+		}
+	    cap_free(&caps);
+	}
+    }
+#endif /* HAVE_CAP_GET_PROC */
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef DEBUG
+
+/**/
+void
+dputs(char *message)
+{
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", message);
+    fflush(stderr);
+}
+
+#endif /* DEBUG */
+
+/**/
+int
+mode_to_octal(mode_t mode)
+{
+    int m = 0;
+
+    if(mode & S_ISUID)
+	m |= 04000;
+    if(mode & S_ISGID)
+	m |= 02000;
+    if(mode & S_ISVTX)
+	m |= 01000;
+    if(mode & S_IRUSR)
+	m |= 00400;
+    if(mode & S_IWUSR)
+	m |= 00200;
+    if(mode & S_IXUSR)
+	m |= 00100;
+    if(mode & S_IRGRP)
+	m |= 00040;
+    if(mode & S_IWGRP)
+	m |= 00020;
+    if(mode & S_IXGRP)
+	m |= 00010;
+    if(mode & S_IROTH)
+	m |= 00004;
+    if(mode & S_IWOTH)
+	m |= 00002;
+    if(mode & S_IXOTH)
+	m |= 00001;
+    return m;
+}